Present and future effects of shale oil development in the United States.

Summary The development of shale gas and oil in the United States is a major event in the energy sphere, but also in the dynamics of globalization and in the geopolitics of the coming decades. This development is a warning for Europeans, both in terms of their energy policy and their industrial policy. It reinforces, in Europe, the obligation (and the risks) of an energy transition and, in particular, the indispensable efforts of energy efficiency.