Internal and external effects of unconventional hydrocarbon development in the United States: progress report and outlook.

Summary This article analyzes the development of unconventional hydrocarbons, distinguishing between their "internal" effects, i.e., those that can be observed in the North American space, and those of an "external" nature, whether economic or geopolitical, that are spreading beyond these borders, particularly in Europe. The objective is, in particular, to determine the range of adaptations available to Europeans in order to cope with the increased competitiveness of the Americans. The essential conclusion is that, insofar as European companies will not be able to benefit from energy prices (gas, electricity) comparable to those in the United States, they must absolutely preserve their advantage in terms of energy efficiency.