Tradable or nontradable factors : what does the Hansen–Jagannathan distance tell us?

Summary We investigate the difference in pricing cross-sectional risky assets performance between tradable and nontradable factors by comparing their misspecification errors—the Hansen–Jagannathan (HJ) distance. By constructing nontradable factors mimicking portfolios (FMPs) and incorporating them into the least-misspecified tradable stochastic dis-count factor (SDF), we provide cross-country empirical evidence that this SDF that combines tradable and nontradable factors dominates others in which nontradable factors further decrease the SDF’s mis-specification errors. Since nontradable FMPs are functions of current tradable factor information about the economic state, FMPs “hedge” the state variable risks, and FMPs’ returns describe the risk premiums.