Six essays in applied economics: youth employment integration: using subjective variables in health economics.

Summary This thesis provides six original insights into the professional integration of young people into the labor market on the one hand, and the use of subjective variables in health economics on the other. In the main developed countries, young people often encounter real and, since the 2008 crisis, increasing difficulties in entering the labor market. The first two chapters assess the effect of programs to help young people facing these difficulties, either by extending minimum income (chapter 1) or by strengthening the support program usually offered to them (chapter 2). The third and fourth chapters look at the level of unemployment at the time young people enter the labor market, analyzing its impact on their schooling rates (chapter 3) and on their earnings and employment rates over their entire careers (chapter 4). Moreover, the increasing use of subjective variables by economists raises the question of their reliability and their ability to measure the underlying phenomenon. The last two chapters of the thesis focus on the formulation of two subjective questions often used in health economics: the renunciation of care for financial reasons (chapter 5) and subjective health status (chapter 6). They assess the extent to which the wording chosen for the questions determines the responses obtained, and consequently use the split sample method, comparing the responses of several randomly constituted samples to which several sets of wording have been submitted.