PENOT Alexis

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Common ownership is based on the idea of firms competing in a market with identical owners. It is then a question of studying the consequences in terms of general competition in such a market, knowing that firms can be expected to mitigate competition by producing fewer units, increasing prices, reducing investments, innovating less or limiting entry into new markets. This review is composed of a first section devoted to the origins of thinking on the subject, the second to a description of the rise of common ownership, the third to the paths taken for it to have an influence on firms, the fourth to the characterization of these effects and its criticisms, and the last concludes with the consequences for competition policy.

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European directives stipulate that French employers take all available measures to reduce the use of carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic (CMR) chemicals. Our study explores the trends for the various control measures that are available to employees exposed to CMR agents, at two time points (2003 and 2010).Our study assessed data from the 2003 and the 2010 French national cross-sectional survey of occupational hazards (SUMER). The availability of collective protections (source-based controls and general ventilation) and personal protective equipment (PPE) was explored. Trends in the availability of protective measures were studied using multilevel logistic regressions.Exposure situations without any protective measures decreased considerably between 2003 and 2010 (29.9% versus 17.9%, respectively). The increase in the proportion of exposure situations involving source-based controls (e.g. an isolation chamber and local exhaust ventilation) was, however, much less. Multiple regression analysis showed that the protection strategies depended on the job characteristics (e.g. work schedules, the employment contract, and the occupation) as well as the size of the company. There were noticeable changes between 2003 and 2010. For example, differences in protections available between full-time and part-time workers disappeared in the 7-year period, whereas those between executives/managers and other employees increased, as did the gaps between large and small companies.Although the overall increase in exposure situations involving protective measures masks a number of differences in exposure between employee categories, it is a step in the right direction. Source-based controls appeared to be implemented more for exposures with the longest durations, and PPE was very often combined with collective protections, which is what is currently recommended.

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Background: European directives stipulate that French employers take all available measures to reduce the use of carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic chemicals (CMRs). Our study explores the trends for the various control measures that are available to employees exposed to CMRs, at two time points (2003 and 2010). Method: Our study assessed data from the 2003 and the 2010 French national cross-sectional survey of occupational hazards (SUMER). The availability of collective protections (source-based controls and general ventilation) and personal protective equipment (PPE) was explored. Trends in the availability of protective measures were studied using multilevel logistic regressions. Results: Exposure situations without any protective measures decreased considerably between 2003 and 2010 (29.9% vs. 17.9%, respectively). The increase in the proportion of exposure situations involving source-based controls (e.g., an isolation chamber, local exhaust ventilation, etc.) was, however, much less. Multiple regression analysis showed that the protection strategies depended on the job characteristics (e.g., work schedules, the employment contract, and the occupation) as well as the size of the company. There were noticeable changes between 2003 and 2010. For example, differences in protections available between full-time and part-time workers disappeared in the 7-year period, while those between executives/managers and other employees increased, as did the gaps between large and small companies. Conclusion: Although the overall increase in exposure situations involving protective measures masks a number of differences in exposure between employee categories, it is a step in the right direction. Source-based controls appeared to be implemented more for exposures with the longest durations, and PPE was very often combined with collective protections, which is what is currently recommended.

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The reduced activity scheme aims to mitigate the disincentive effects of the unemployment benefit system by allowing jobseekers to combine paid activity and job search while accumulating, at least partially, the remuneration of their activity and their unemployment benefit. Our review of the theoretical and empirical literature seeks to determine whether this system, with incentives necessarily limited to temporary or part-time work, can promote sustainable integration into the labor market. It shows that the expected theoretical effects on the professional trajectories of job seekers and on the quality of jobs potentially found are ambiguous and deserve to be empirically determined. National and international empirical studies show that it is necessary to distinguish between short-term and long-term effects and that there is considerable heterogeneity in the impacts between job seekers. Nevertheless, in France, reduced activity seems to accelerate access to sustainable employment, but with relatively modest effects. Moreover, it does not seem to improve or degrade the quality of the job found.

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Purpose : To explore varied exposure to carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic chemicals (CMR) for French employees. Methods: Our study assessed data from the French national cross-sectional survey of occupational risks (SUMER) that was conducted in 2010 in a national representative sample of employees. We selected 28 CMR agents that were classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer or European Union as being known or presumed to have CMR potential in humans. The association of individual and job characteristics with exposure prevalence, duration, and intensity of the CMR agents during a 1-week period was examined using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Results: Overall, 10.4% of employees in 2010 were exposed to one or more CMR agents at their workplace, and 3.4% were subjected to multiple CMR exposures. Blue-collar workers, night-shift workers and workers with short-term employment contracts experienced higher exposure prevalence (p < 0.01) and intensity (p < 0.05). Blue-collar workers and shift workers experienced also longer exposure duration (p < 0.001). Conversely, managers, workers of large companies, and women were less exposed to CMR agents (p < 0.001). The presence of a Committee for Health, Safety, and Working Conditions, and intervention by Occupational Health and Safety officers were significantly associated with reduced exposure intensities (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05). Establishment of European CMR regulations and the existence of an applicable substitution principle reduced the exposure duration (p < 0.001) and intensity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results point out disparities in CMR exposure and identify high-priority targets for prevention measures to help reducing social health discrepancies.

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Provided for in the public procurement code, the integration clause is a tool for explicitly integrating social criteria into calls for tender. Companies awarded such contracts are obliged to offer a minimum number of working hours to people who are far from employment. This article aims to study the professional future of the beneficiaries of these clauses in the medium term (6 to 20 months later). To do this, a telephone survey was conducted with a representative panel of beneficiaries in the Lyon area. It emerged that some of the beneficiaries were able to secure their professional career with access to sustainable employment. Our study also shows that medium-term job retention seems to depend on the duration of the clause contract, its capacity to improve the beneficiaries' self-confidence and to help them acquire training.

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Our study uses the 2010 edition of the Surveillance médicale des expositions aux risques professionnels (SUMER) survey to provide an overview of French employees' exposure to CMR agents in the workplace. In total, 2.2 million people, or 10.2% of employees, were exposed to one or more CMR products during the week preceding their medical examination. Among them, 70,000 had multiple exposures in the workplace, which brings the number of exposure situations recorded in 2010 to 3.5 million. Asbestos exposure situations represent only 2.3% of CMR product exposures, i.e. 10 times less than diesel exhaust exposures. Our results show that there are jobs and employee profiles that accumulate harms in the labor market, including high risks of exposure to products hazardous to health. These include blue-collar workers, night workers and employees with precarious contracts, who should therefore be priority targets for prevention measures.

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This thesis analyzes how monetary policy rules can be applied to the European framework, now unique for all countries that have adopted the euro. The first part shows how they have evolved from being a tool for eliminating inflationary bias to being a guide for monetary policy in order to promote the transparency of independent central banks focused on price stability and what different forms of rules can be used for this purpose. In a second step, based on the work of John Taylor, the thesis determines the most efficient rule for the ECB. The association between the optimal rule and the preferences of the monetary authorities that is highlighted illustrates the greater transparency that reference to a rule would bring. The third part focuses on heterogeneity within the euro area and shows how it would weaken the single monetary policy if it were to be incorporated into the ECB's preferences.