TANGUY Jeremy

Gender equality at work has become in recent years a priority for governments. In France, collective bargaining is the main lever to achieve progress on gender equality issues. In a two-tier bargaining framework, industries and firms are required by law to negotiate on the reduction of gender inequalities. Using firmlevel survey data on labor relations issues combined with administrative data, this paper seeks to better understand the dynamics of collective bargaining on gender equality at the firm level by questioning the role played by the gender mix. We find that gender diversity favors gender equality bargaining at the firm level. Underrepresentation and overrepresentation of women reduce the probability of firms negotiating an agreement on gender equality. The introduction of sanctions in the recent period has prompted low-feminized firms to negotiate more on gender equality but had little impact on highly feminized firms.

Gender equality at work has become in recent years a priority for governments. In France, collective bargaining is a main lever to achieve progress on gender equality issues. In a two-tier bargaining framework, industries and firms are required by law to negotiate on the reduction of gender inequalities. Using firm-level survey data on labor relations issues combined with administrative data, this paper seeks to better understand the dynamics of collective bargaining on gender equality at the firm level by questioning the role played by the gender mix. We find that gender diversity favors gender equality bargaining at the firm level. Under-representation and over-representation of women reduce the probability of firms negotiating an agreement on gender equality. The introduction of sanctions in the recent period has prompted low-feminized firms to negotiate more on gender equality but had little impact on highly feminized firms.

Over the period 1994-2012, immigrants' wage growth in France has outperformed that of natives on average by more than 14 percentage points. This striking wage growth performance occurs despite similar changes in employment shares along the occupational wage ladder. In this paper we investigate the sources of immigrants' relative wage performance focusing on the role of occupational tasks. We rst show that immigrants' higher wage growth is not driven by more favorable changes in general skills (measured by age, education and residence duration), and then investigate to what extent changes in task-speci c returns to skills have contributed to the differential wage dynamics through two different channels: different changes in the valuation of skills (\price effect") and different occupational sorting (\quantity effect"). We nd that the wage growth premium of immigrants is not explained by different changes in returns to skills across occupational tasks but rather by the progressive reallocation of immigrants towards tasks whose returns have increased over time. Immigrants seem to have taken advantage of ongoing labor demand restructuring driven by globalization and technological change. In addition immigrants' wages have been relatively more affected by minimum wage increases, due to their higher concentration in this part of the wage distribution.

Over the period 1994–2012, immigrants’ wage growth in France outperformed that of natives. We investigate to what extent changes in task-specific returns to skills contributed to this wage dynamics differential through two channels: changes in the valuation of skills (price effect) and occupational sorting (quantity effect). We find that the wage growth premium of immigrants is mainly explained by the progressive reallocation of immigrants toward tasks whose returns increase over time. Immigrants seem to have taken advantage of labor demand restructuring driven by globalization and technological changes.

No summary available.

Over the period 1994-2012, immigrants’ wage growth in France has outperformed that of natives on average by more than 14 percentage points. This striking wage growth performance occurs despite similar changes in employment shares along the occupational wage ladder. In this paper we investigate the sources of immigrants’ relative wage performance focusing on the role of occupational tasks. We first show that immigrants’ higher wage growth is not driven by more favorable changes in general skills (measured by age, education and residence duration), and then investigate to what extent changes in task-specific returns to skills have contributed to the differential wage dynamics through two different channels: different changes in the valuation of skills (“price effect”) and different occupational sorting (“quantity effect”). We find that the wage growth premium of immigrants is not explained by different changes in returns to skills across occupational tasks but rather by the progressive reallocation of immigrants towards tasks whose returns have increased over time. Immigrants seem to have taken advantage of ongoing labor demand restructuring driven by globalization and technological change. In addition im- migrants’ wages have been relatively more affected by minimum wage increases, due to their higher concentration in this part of the wage distribution.

No summary available.

In Nigeria, the most populated African country, rural electrification is a critical issue because of the low household electrification rate and the poor quality of the grid. This energy poverty has harmful economic and social consequences in rural areas, such as low productivity , lack of income-generating opportunities and poor housing conditions. In this paper, we consider electrification as a technical shock that may affect household time allocation. Using the 2010-2011 General Household Survey, we investigate how electrification affects female and male labor supply decisions within rural households in Nigeria. Focusing on husband-wife data, we consider potential dependence in spouses' labor supply decisions and address the challenge of zero hours of work using a recent copula-based bivariate hurdle model (Deb et al. 2013). In addition, an instrumental variable strategy helps identify the causal effect of elec-trification. Our results underline that this dependence in spouses' labor supply decisions is critical to consider when assessing the impact of electrification on these outcomes. Electrifi-cation increases the working time of both spouses in the separate assessments, but the joint analysis emphasizes only a positive effect of electrification on husbands' working time. In line with the household labor supply approach, our findings highlight that, within the household, the labor supply decisions of one spouse significantly affect those of the other spouse. Thus, if we neglect the effect of electrification on the spouse of the individual examined, we may fail to assess how this individual has been actually affected by this common shock on both spouses. Our results suggest that these within-household relationships promote husbands' working time at the expense of wives' working time.

The objective of this article is to provide an initial assessment of the effect of strike frequency on labor productivity in French firms, based on matched data from the REPONSE 2004-2005 survey and the Annual Enterprise Surveys. Anglo-Saxon studies present contradictory theoretical arguments on this issue and lead to contrasting empirical results. By controlling for unobserved heterogeneity bias, using a control function approach, we show that the frequency of strikes has a non-linear effect on labor productivity in French firms, which is positive and increasing up to a certain threshold, then neutral beyond. We then show that the effect of strikes on labor productivity varies significantly according to employee absenteeism in the firm. The incidence of strikes can positively and indirectly affect labor productivity, provided that they are not associated with an employee absenteeism problem. Conversely, when accompanied by this individual expression of conflict on the part of employees, strikes have no effect on labour productivity.

Using recent household survey data, this paper investigates how electrification affects female and male labor supply decisions within rural households in Nigeria. Focusing on matched husband-wife data, we propose to consider dependence in spouses’ labor supply decisions and to address adequately zero hours of work using a copula-based bivariate hurdle model. In parallel, we opt for an instrumental variable strategy to identify the causal effect of electrification. Our findings show that such dependence is strongly at work and critical to consider when assessing the impact of electrification on spouses’ labor supply outcomes. Electrification is found to increase the working time of both spouses in a separate examination of their labor supply, while the joint analysis emphasizes only a positive effect of electrification on husbands’ working time. However, whatever the econometric specification, we find no significant effect of electricity on spouses’ employment probability.

This thesis proposes three empirical essays devoted to the analysis of strikes in France, based on recent data from establishments and companies and the use of various econometric methods. Very few quantitative studies of economic inspiration have been conducted on this subject in France, in contrast to a particularly extensive Anglo-Saxon literature on the economic analysis of strikes. The decline of unionization and collective action among employees has nevertheless led to a gradual shift in the interest of Anglo-Saxon researchers in labor economics and industrial relations towards the study of individual labor relations between employees and employers. The individualization of jobs and work relations in companies is often considered as orthogonal to the collective action of employees. The decline of strikes and other collective forms of conflict has been associated, in particular, in the Anglo-Saxon literature, with an increase in individual manifestations of conflict and in the dispersion or overall inequality of wages in firms. In this thesis, we propose an original analysis of strikes in France, in relation to these two aspects, which are characteristic of the individualization of jobs and labor relations in companies. The first chapter focuses on the relationship between the collective expression of conflict, including strikes, and the growing individual forms of conflict in French establishments, i.e. recourse to industrial tribunals and disciplinary action. The analysis conducted reveals a substitution relationship between the collective expression of conflict and the recourse to industrial tribunals by employees, while strikes and other collective conflicts tend to be associated with an increased recourse by employers to disciplinary action. The second chapter explicitly considers this relationship, more specifically between strikes and employee absenteeism, in estimating and analyzing the effect of strikes on labor productivity in French firms. The occurrence of strikes in the recent past tends to be associated with a gain in labor productivity in firms with a low frequency of strikes, provided that these strikes are associated with a lower individual expression of employee dissatisfaction (i.e. absenteeism).The third chapter examines the role of intra-firm wage dispersion in variations in strike activity across French establishments. While high wage dispersion within the workforce appears to be a brake on the collective mobilization of employees in strikes, it nevertheless appears to be at the origin of more sustained strike activity, in terms of frequency and duration of strikes, in certain establishments.

This thesis proposes three empirical essays devoted to the analysis of strikes in France, based on recent data from establishments and companies and the use of various econometric methods. Very few quantitative studies of economic inspiration have been conducted on this subject in France, in contrast to a particularly extensive Anglo-Saxon literature on the economic analysis of strikes. The decline of unionization and collective action among employees has nevertheless led to a gradual shift in the interest of Anglo-Saxon researchers in labor economics and industrial relations towards the study of individual labor relations between employees and employers. The individualization of jobs and work relations in companies is often considered as orthogonal to the collective action of employees. The decline of strikes and other collective forms of conflict has been associated, in particular, in the Anglo-Saxon literature, with an increase in individual manifestations of conflict and in the dispersion or overall inequality of wages in firms. In this thesis, we propose an original analysis of strikes in France, in relation to these two aspects, which are characteristic of the individualization of jobs and labor relations in companies. The first chapter focuses on the relationship between the collective expression of conflict, including strikes, and the growing individual forms of conflict in French establishments, i.e. recourse to industrial tribunals and disciplinary action. The analysis conducted reveals a substitution relationship between the collective expression of conflict and the recourse to industrial tribunals by employees, while strikes and other collective conflicts tend to be associated with an increased recourse by employers to disciplinary action. The second chapter explicitly considers this relationship, more specifically between strikes and employee absenteeism, in estimating and analyzing the effect of strikes on labor productivity in French firms. The occurrence of strikes in the recent past tends to be associated with a gain in labor productivity in firms with a low frequency of strikes, provided that these strikes are associated with a lower individual expression of employee dissatisfaction (i.e. absenteeism).The third chapter examines the role of intra-firm wage dispersion in variations in strike activity across French establishments. While high wage dispersion within the workforce appears to be a brake on the collective mobilization of employees in strikes, it nevertheless appears to be at the origin of more sustained strike activity, in terms of frequency and duration of strikes, in certain establishments.