CARANTON Julien

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In 1827, the Secretary of State for the Interior commissioned the mining engineer Joseph Despine to evaluate the capacity of the forests of the Duchy of Savoy to provide fuel for factories, as well as for those "that would be established thereafter". Within this framework, the engineer undertook to take note in the field, alongside the sub-inspectors of the forests, "all the details which could be used to compare the wood really existing in each commune with the annual needs of the individuals who live there. This survey resulted in a 580-page report that provided an important set of quantitative data for each commune: the surface area of the types of woods, the surface area of the logging regimes, the number of plants cut each year, the types and numbers of industrial establishments, etc. It also provides more qualitative information on the practices of local populations. Subjected to the critical eye of the historian, this report constitutes exceptional material in at least two respects. When formatted in a geographic information system, it constitutes, on the one hand, a highly detailed analytical tool for understanding localized forest management practices. On the other hand, it can serve as a basis for a diachronic analysis of forest uses. This paper proposes to address these two facets. We propose to analyze the data provided by Despine in 1828 for the provinces of Faucingy, Maurienne, Savoie Propre and Tarentaise. Then, by focusing our analysis on the case of the Maurienne, we wish to show that this survey can constitute a basis for questioning and studying the management of "green gold" over time by the various actors.

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This thesis deals with the forms of social regulation implemented by Grenoble's actors in the nineteenth century and during the first half of the twentieth century. For the elites, who participated more or less actively in their elaboration depending on the socio-political context, these forms had to ensure "social peace. They were aimed primarily at populations they considered to be at risk: tradespeople in the 19th century, then skilled industrial workers in the first half of the 20th century. The specificity of this research lies in its microhistorical approach. It focuses, on the one hand, on the study of the individuals and collective actors who conceived and administered the regulatory bodies, and on their career paths, knowledge and know-how. It also focuses on the actors who benefit from these organizations, their itineraries and protection strategies. This work shows that social regulation was disengaged from its environments of application at the end of the 19th century. This disengagement is both physical and social. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the knowledge and know-how of the working classes were disqualified in favor of the objectification of the social, which was judged to be more capable of resolving the social question. This objectification, carried out by the new republican elites, was carried out outside the fields of application of social regulation policies. From the beginning of the twentieth century, the working classes were only marginally involved in the administration of social affairs.

Keywords: social catholicism, companies, microhistory, municipality, mutuality, providence & social protection, regulation, knowledge and know-how, mutual aid societiesThis thesis deals with the forms of social regulation implemented by Grenoble's actors in the nineteenth century and in the first half of the twentieth century. For the elites, who participated more or less actively in their elaboration depending on the socio-political context, these forms had to ensure "social peace. They were aimed primarily at populations they considered to be at risk: tradespeople in the 19th century, then skilled industrial workers in the first half of the 20th century. The specificity of this research lies in its microhistorical approach. It focuses, on the one hand, on the study of the individuals and collective actors who conceived and administered the regulatory bodies, and on their career paths, knowledge and know-how. It also focuses on the actors who benefit from these organizations, on their itineraries and strategies of protection.This work shows that social regulation is disengaged from its environments of application at the end of the 19th century. This work shows that social regulation disengaged from its areas of application at the end of the 19th century. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the knowledge and know-how of the working classes were disqualified in favor of the objectification of the social, which was judged to be more capable of resolving the social question. This objectification, carried out by the new republican elites, was carried out outside the fields of application of social regulation policies. From the beginning of the twentieth century, the working classes were only marginally involved in the administration of social affairs.

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In the middle of the 19th century, part of the French political and economic elite, inspired by the English model of friendly societies, encouraged mutualists to adopt a "scientific and rational" organization. Taking care of "old workers" led Grenoble mutualists to try to approach the right cost of social welfare. This phenomenon led to an increase in the complexity of mutualist know-how, which resulted in the partial integration of actuarial techniques in certain companies. But during the last two decades of the century, these ambitions came up against cyclical and structural obstacles that were difficult to overcome.

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