Three empirical essays on spatialiazed housing policies.

Summary This thesis is composed of three chapters, each of which evaluates the effects of a spatialized housing policy in France. The first two chapters apply a quasi-experimental methodology to evaluate, for the first of them, the effects of Article 55 of the 2000 "Solidarités et Renouvellement Urbain" law, which aims at stimulating the construction of social housing in medium and large municipalities, and for the second the Scellier tax credit, which applies from 2008 to 2012 to rental investment targeted at low-income tenants. The evaluation focuses on several variables of interest: housing construction, but also real estate prices and the spatial segregation of income. The third chapter applies microsimulation methods to estimate the profile of the share of income devoted by households to paying the housing tax. It also proposes a simulation of this profile under the hypothesis of a revision of rental values, which constitute the tax base of this local tax and which, in the absence of any revision since they were introduced, reflect the market values of housing in the 1970s. The three chapters are based on the exploitation of databases produced by the tax administration or French notaries, which are exhaustive and very rich and which have been little used until now. The first two chapters show that the financial or fiscal incentives put in place make it possible to stimulate the local supply of social housing or private rental housing targeted at low-income households. Chapter 1 shows that this increase in social construction has led to a decrease in property prices and spatial segregation of incomes in the municipalities concerned. Chapter 2 shows that housing built under the Scellier scheme is more often vacant and that the measure has led to an increase in property prices in the areas treated, as a result of increased tension in the local housing markets, which is capitalized on in land prices. Finally, Chapter 3 shows that aligning the rental values that serve as a basis for the housing tax with the relative prices of housing observed in today's real estate markets leads to a radical change in the profile of the weight of this levy in household income as a function of that income: whereas this has the shape of a bell curve with a maximum tax effort for households around the median income for the tax in its current form, the revision studied leads to a more progressive profile for most French households.