Introduction to Market Microstructure
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Course introduction
Market microstructure is often an overlooked field, far less known than many other fields in finance. Questions of market design, trading, and liquidity have long been wrongly considered a minor subject. But the 2008 liquidity crisis and the strong development of high frequency trading have proved otherwise. Today lectures on market microstructure are spreading in finance masters’ programmes.
Nevertheless, from the outside markets often look mysterious, and the smaller the timescale, the more technical and mysterious they seem. Short-term price changes may seem strange and hard to interpret. In fact, we will show you that with some key concepts in mind and some basic reasoning you will understand the main mechanisms at play in electronic trading in just 2 hours. This MOOC can also be viewed as a first step for everyone before they have access to more advanced academic material.
Firstly, whether the next trade is most likely to be a buy or a sell.
Secondly, where the next quotes will be on average after a given trade.
And lastly, where our expected average price will be 30 seconds after a trade occurs on a given exchange.
Main content of this five-part lecture
In practice, our lecture is divided into 5 independent parts, with 17 videos in total.
The initial introduction is designed for attendees that are not familiar with today’s market principles and trading terminology.
The first part describes the European liquidity landscape from MiFID 1 to MiFID 2 over the past 10 years.
The second part introduces the key practical questions in Microstructure from an investor’s perspective.
The third part highlights the orderbook properties that relate to turnover, spread volatility and available sizes on the first limits.
The last two parts are designed for attendees who want more than just a basic introduction to market microstructure.
The fourth part reviews questions of competition across markets and market fragmentation.
The fifth and final part highlights three examples regarding orderbook forecasting
Who is this course for?
This is an introductory course. It was created for non-specialists: for students, practitioners who are already working in finance, as well as for academics from other fields.
Today the problem is that for anyone who needs to seriously refresh their memories of their probability course, advanced specialised books written by academics won’t be an easy option.
On the contrary, our course has no prerequisites. The only thing we rely on is our attendees’ curiosity about markets and a taste for data and logical reasoning.
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Introduction
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Part 1: Fragmentation and Liquidity in European Markets
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Part 2: Introduction to the orderbook
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Introduction: test
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I. European markets fragmentation and liquidity
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Part 1: European markets fragmentation and liquidity
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Part 2: Turnover, volumes and spreads
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European markets fragmentation and liquidity: test
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II. Key practical questions from an investor's point of view
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Part 1: Key practical questions from an investor’s point of view
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Part 2: Main types of trading, trading algorithms
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Part 3: How to measure the performances of trading algorithms
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Key practical questions from an investor’s point of view: test
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III. Key orderbook properties
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Part 1: Orderbook properties: How bid-ask spreads, turnover, available sizes and volatility relate together
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Part 2: Orderbook properties: How bid-ask spreads, turnover, available volumes and volatility relate together
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Part 3: Orderbook properties: Average Trade Size and Turnover, Bid-Ask spreads and Turnover
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Part 4: Orderbook properties: Bid-Ask spreads and Volatility, First limit sizes and Turnover
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Key orderbook properties: test
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IV. Market fragmentation and competition across venues
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Part 1: Market fragmentation: How does market fragmentation relate to the characteristics of the orderbooks across different venues?
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Part 2: Market fragmentation: Fragmentation, relative number of trades and relative average trade sizes
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Part 3: Market fragmentation: Fragmentation, relative available sizes and relative bid-ask spreads
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Market fragmentation and competition across venues: test
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V. Key forecast based on the orderbook
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Part 1: Key forecast based on the orderbook: Which data for which forecasting horizon?
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Part 2: Key forecast based on the orderbook: Using the orderbook imbalance to forecast the next trade side
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Part 3: Key forecast based on the orderbook: Forecasting the next trade’s orderbook after an agressive buy
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Part 4: Key forecast based on the orderbook: Future price profile after an agressive trade on a given venue
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Key forecast based on the orderbook: test
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“Paul Besson is a world-expert in the areas of market microstructure and algorithmic trading. He has recently produced a fine series of lectures on this subject. Lectures cover order-book dynamics, execution costs, the market impact of trading, transaction cost analysis and other topics which are hard to find together in one place, let alone in MOOC format . I recommend Paul’s lectures to all those interested in learning more about this essential part of modern stock trading.” (New York, May 2020)
Professor Marco Avellaneda, New York University
“Financial markets today are extremely complex, and the language of markets is full of jargon and acronyms, which makes it difficult for people working outside of the markets to understand how markets work. Paul’s MOOC makes market microstructure accessible to everyone. He carefully explains the basic building blocks of the market including order books, algorithms, and liquidity. Then he moves on to help the viewer to understand the interaction between competition and liquidity and why microstructure is important. I recommend the MOOC to anyone wanting to enhance their understanding of markets.” (Sydney, May 2020)
Professor Carole Comerton-Forde, UNSW
“Paul Besson has built a one of a kind course that I recommend to anyone interested in market microstructure. It is an accessible entry point for beginners, but is also be useful to advanced researchers in the field. The course takes an approach to market microstructure, that relies on data science and the practical exercises help strengthen the concepts. Highly recommended!” (New York, May 2020)
Sasha Stoikov, Cornell
“Paul Besson’s MOOC on market microstructure gives a unique insight on cutting-edge stylized facts on price formation and order matching mechanisms. I recommend it to all graduate students, researchers seeking realistic analyses, and quants who have to understand the mechanisms in place when information is digested by prices, at both high frequency and low frequency.
Paul is a high-level practitioner who is contributing to the common understanding that academics and industry practitioners have been jointly building for years. It is a chance for all of us that he provides, under the umbrella of the Louis Bachelier Institute Research Initiative on microstructure, such a wonderful dissemination material.” (Paris, May 2020)
Charles-Albert Lehalle, Quantitative R&D Lead at Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA)
“A liquid and stable stock market plays a critical role in the economy. It channels savings into long term investments that are necessarily illiquid while providing liquidity to investors through access to their capital when needed by trading with others, thereby promoting economic growth. Therefore every investor has to know how stocks are traded – i.e., the microstructure of the stock market — some in more detail than others. Paul Besson’s MOOC, “Practical Introduction to Market Microstructure”, integrates theory and practice in the market microstructure area in an elegant manner taking into account recent developments in practice that will meet the demand for knowledge from individual investors as well investment professionals. An impressive achievement!” (Chicago, May 2020)
Ravi Jagannathan, Professor of Finance, Kellogg school of management, Northwestern University
“The mooc by Paul is just the perfect introduction to market microstructure. As a practitioner, Paul’s lectures are completely in line with actual market practices and challenges. No heavy mathematics or too simple irrealistic models here but an efficient, rigorous and pragmatic view about what is important to understand in this field which is at the very heart of financial markets. Thanks to Paul pedagogical efforts, several degrees of lectures are possible.
It means that this mooc is addressed at the same time to beginners, without any knowledge of finance or mathematics, and to researchers or market practitioners who wish to know more about the topic. From a broker’s as well as from an exchange’s perspectives, Paul presents in a very clear way the key concepts and issues taking place at the microstructure level. The interactions between the different agents (traders, brokers, investors, exchanges, regulators…) are very well described so that at the end of the lectures, one is able to perfectly understand the subtle equilibrium that the microstructure ecosystem represents. More than that, Paul also provides the most relevant technical elements enabling us to have a quantitative view on the mechanisms operating at this microscopic level, where the price formation process originates. I highly recommend Paul’s mooc to anybody interested in the field and will definitely use it myself in my classes.”
Remerciements
Bibliography
Books I would recommend for further investigating Market Microtructure
Best introduction on exchanges I recommend to everyone
- “Who Gets What and why: The New Economics of Matchmaking and Market Design” by Roth (2015)
Oldest but very nice book from an economist
- “Market Microstructure theory” by O’Hara (1998)
Nice classical book not technical
- “Trading and Exchanges: Market Microstructure for Practitioners” by Harris (2002)
Great book with all key economic concepts very well presented
- “Empirical Market Microstructure” by Hasbrouck (2007)
Recent book with an economic view point
- “Market Liquidity: Theory, Evidence, and Policy” by Foucault, Panago, and Roell (2013)
Very good and easy to read book by my friend Charles-Albert
- “Market Microstructure in practice” by Lehalle, Laruelle, Burgot, Lasnier and Pelin-Sureau (2013 and 2018)
Advanced and recent book for quant readers
- “Trades, Quotes and Prices” by Bouchaud, Bonart, Daunier and Gould (2018)
FAQ
For those interested in further exchanges on Microstructure, I have created a Linkedin Group “MOOC Introduction to Market Microstructure” for the attendees of the MOOC “Introduction to Market Microstructure” but more generally for all market practitioners, students and academics who want to interact about Market Microstructure.
Q1: Can I take this course for free?
Yes, this MOOC is free it is made for sharing knowledge.
Q2: Can I earn a certificate?
Unfortunately, we only offer a Quizz, but we do not provide a course certificate.
Q3: How can I enroll?
Just click on the enrollment button at the bottom of “Overview and enrollment”.
Q4: How can I ask questions to the instructors?
If your question is on a specific slide content, we recommend to write your question at the bottom of each video.
If you want to ask a more general question to the instructors, please use the specific email address below: mooc.microstructure@institutlouisbacherlier.org
Q5: Is the course schedule flexible?
Yes, you can learn at your own pace, once you enrolled you can watch our lectures and take our quiz when you want and how many times you like.
Q6: How much time does it take to complete the course?
The total duration for the video is approximately 2 hours. We would recommend to attend this course over 3 to 5 weeks, and we suggest spending 30 min to 1h per week. We also recommend to take electronic or written notes while watching our videos to make the most of our lectures.
Q7: Is this course for beginners or for more advanced attendees?
This course is for both. The introduction is for absolute beginners in finance, the parts 3 and 4 are more advanced and part 5 is for the most advanced attendees.
Q8: Is this course available in other languages?
We only provide an English version although we will also make available subtitles in French.
Q9: For attendees who want to know more do you provide more advanced references?
For more advanced attendees we first provide technical references available in the “Bibliography” tab. We also provide a small list of books sorted by specific subjects in Market Microstructure.