UZUNIDIS Dimitri

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The back cover states: "The "liberalism/protectionism" debate is nowadays relevant in several areas, such as trade policy, competition law, state aid, worker protection and immigration policy. Liberalism, associated with free trade, which seemed to be an unquestionable policy, supported by most economists, has become the target of numerous criticisms. Protectionism, on the other hand, coupled with a mercantilist policy, appeared in a number of countries to be an effective strategy for ensuring economic development. The competitiveness of large economies seemed to depend on selective opening to international trade and investment: this is the case of the United States, China, but also other Asian countries, and sometimes even Europe. The authors of this book challenge the univocal and simplistic view of protectionism and mercantilist policies. The discussion is particularly focused on the universal validity of free trade and the historical origins of protectionism as well as on economic theories and state policies from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century. They focus on both economics and the logic of power and state building."

The "liberalism/protectionism" debate is now relevant in several areas, such as trade policy, competition law, state aid, worker protection and immigration policy. Liberalism associated with free trade, which seemed to be an unquestionable policy supported by most economists, has become the target of much criticism. Protectionism, on the other hand, coupled with a mercantilist policy, appeared in a number of countries to be an effective strategy for ensuring economic development. The competitiveness of large economies seemed to depend on selective opening to international trade and investment: this is the case of the United States, China, but also other Asian countries, and sometimes even Europe. The authors of this book challenge the univocal and simplistic view of protectionism and mercantilist policies. The discussion is particularly focused on the universal validity of free trade and the historical origins of protectionism as well as on economic theories and state policies from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century. They are interested in both economics and the logic of power and state building.

A dictionary that intends to clarify the divergent perceptions that persist between specialists and citizens regarding the entrepreneur, entrepreneurship or entrepreneurship. Electre 2018.

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Writing a thesis is an exciting intellectual adventure. Whether professional or research-oriented, a university degree opens many doors, provided that the research is relevant and conscientiously conducted. This book offers a thorough method to guide the apprentice researcher through the process. What are the requirements for a dissertation and a thesis? How to choose a subject? How to build hypotheses? The methodological advice is illustrated by examples to help you better understand the research and writing process. This manual is intended for master's and doctoral students, whether in economics, law, sociology or the humanities.

The objective of this paper is to study the supply side of the silver market, which is usually neglected by research on this topic. Adopting a systemic approach to innovation, our main goals are to identify the nature of the innovations developed, the way innovations are created, and the issues related to their emergence and diffusion. Our research is based on an empirical study of the French silver economy, which consists in an enquiry carried out in Silver Valley. The results of our study lead us to suggest a new term ‘geront’innovation’ to qualify the various forms of innovations developed to cater for the needs of elderly people. We also put forward the importance of networking and open innovation strategies. Finally, the identified barriers to emergence and diffusion as perceived by the supply side of the market lead us to suggest recommendations to support the diffusion of geront’innovations.

The back cover states: "The entrepreneur holds a specific place in theoretical (but also political) debates. He is considered as the main character of economic action. However, we are often talking about different things among specialists from different disciplines and among citizens when we talk about entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship. What do we mean when we use the key concept of entrepreneur in the social sciences and humanities? Concepts do not have a definition but a history. The circulation of terms and concepts plays an important role in the current mutations of our societies. Through a lexicon that we assimilate, most often without realizing it, we acquire a vision of the world, particularly the economic, social and political world. This is the reason for the existence of this dictionary".

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The entrepreneur holds a specific place in theoretical debates and is the main character of economic action. However, perceptions differ between specialists and citizens when we speak of the entrepreneur, entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial spirit. This is the reason for this dictionary.

The so-called "transition economies" that emerged after the fall of the Berlin Wall disappeared more than twenty years ago. In these "new" market economies, the accumulation of skills and knowledge forming a "reservoir" of organizational and cognitive resources is distributed according to a territorial polarization closely linked to local history. By proposing, in this research work, the concept of "territorial innovation cluster", the objective was to formulate a conceptual tool for the attention of public decision-makers in order to reinforce the productive architecture of territories. The policy of "territorial innovation clusters" was initiated in 2012 in 25 territories of Russia with the aim of modernizing a plurality of local productive systems. Taking the territories of Novosibirsk and Tomsk in Western Siberia (Russia) as the object of empirical study, it is possible to observe that if the "territorial innovation clusters" of Novosibirsk and Tomsk initially favored a process of local governance integrating the majority of local territorial actors or groups of actors (which could contribute to the emergence of innovation dynamics), The Russian state then unilaterally imposed decisive changes in the organization of territorial development (reinforcing the "lock-in" phenomena). In this context, the potential of the territories of Novosibirsk and Tomsk to generate the emergence of "territorial innovation clusters", if it has been highlighted in this research work, has not been valorized by the integration of "territorial innovation clusters" to the territories.

Technological innovation is the most reliable means for rebuilding, transforming and expanding markets. The growth of companies and the emphatic globalization of markets have shown the importance of local pockets of productive resources. The geographic proximity of science, technology, industry and finance contributes to the emergence of innovations. This chapter explores the challenges for an entrepreneur when establishing themselves in a given territory. It presents the concept of an innovative milieu, as well as the proximities at play in regional innovation processes. The chapter shows that the role of the entrepreneur is crucial to the fulfillment of the opportunities and resources offered by an innovative milieu. It concludes with a discussion on the policies implemented recently in France with the intention of promoting collaboration and the development of innovation projects in territories.

The back cover states: "Writing a thesis is an exciting intellectual adventure. Whether professional or research-oriented, a university degree opens many doors, provided that the research is relevant and conscientiously conducted. This book offers a thorough method to guide the apprentice researcher through the process. What are the requirements for a dissertation and a thesis? How to choose a subject? How to construct hypotheses? The methodological advice is illustrated by examples to help you better understand the research and writing process. This manual is intended for master's and doctoral students, whether they are in economics, law, sociology or the humanities.

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A great deal of work is currently being done on the relationship between the entrepreneur and the territory, the underlying hypothesis being that access to skills, knowledge, sources of financing and infrastructure is more or less easy depending on the territory. The innovative environment, defined as a set of actors (companies, institutions, etc.) located and anchored in a territory in which interactions develop in a multilateral manner, would thus constitute an environment that favors the appearance of various forms of innovation as well as the emergence of new companies. However, the role of the entrepreneur is fundamental in the realization of the opportunities and resources offered by an innovative environment. Indeed, it is the entrepreneur who takes advantage of the resources of the territory and contributes to the creation of new technologies and jobs thanks to the networks and proximity that he is able to deploy. In France, as we shall see, the policy of competitiveness clusters is presented as an incentive policy in favor of collaboration and innovation, and conducive to innovative entrepreneurship.

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Writing a thesis is an exciting intellectual adventure. Whether professional or research-oriented, a university degree opens many doors, provided that the research is relevant and conscientiously conducted. This book offers a thorough method to guide the apprentice researcher through the process. [Source: from the back cover].

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The aim of this conceptual paper is to study the origin of the entrepreneur's function. We examine the construction of the entrepreneur's 'resource potential' (the set of knowledge, relations and financial resources gathered together by the entrepreneur) and the role of the socio-economic background in this matter. The 'organic square of entrepreneurship' (resource potential, market, economic organization and public policy) links the individual characteristics of the entrepreneur and the environmental factors to explain entrepreneurship. It is also a tool to study entrepreneurship in different social, economic and political context. We illustrate this role through the analysis of the French case, which reveals the assets and limits of the entrepreneurial context. We particularly show the importance of taking account of the structural characteristics of the productive system in the design of future entrepreneurship policies.

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Since economic liberalization, the growth poles built under state supervision have undergone major institutional and organizational transformations in centrally planned countries. The new forms of industrial organization, which are at the origin of these transformations, give priority to territorial logics. Local economies, underestimated during the centrally planned economy, have become priority areas for the application of economic policy. In this context, work on industrial districts, innovative environments, and clusters is regaining interest. On the other hand, the question of the conversion of growth poles through economic liberalization remains largely unexplored in terms of its impact on the development of innovation in the former centrally planned countries. The impact of economic liberalization in centrally planned countries is manifested in the new practices of cooperation, sharing and collective action that are part of the "new" market economy. The resulting convergence of public and private interests and the emergence of collective learning play an essential role in the development of innovation. Theoretical studies on growth poles do not take these transformations into consideration, and remain focused on the role of the driving industries that are able to drive the other components of the productive system thanks to their size or productivity. However, the economic reality approves of the fact that the growth poles have been transformed by relying on the articulation between the various local actors, specific local resources, relationships developed on and off the market and the implementation of innovation. To describe the innovative capacities of local actors, we propose a concept of the territorialized innovation system. From this analysis, the interest of targeting the study on a particular growth pole stems. The economic history, the implementation of the new local economic policy (after 1989), the choices made by local authorities, the notable though emerging growth of the high-tech sector and the absence of previous studies on this issue are all factors that make the Gdansk region an interesting case to analyze the extent to which economic liberalization has been an incentive for the development of innovation in its territory. To this end, we analyze the innovation potential of the Gdansk region that is being forged during the establishment of the market economy in Poland, first through a statistical analysis of the Gdansk economy since the end of the Second World War to give an overview of the initial set of conditions. Then, through the study of survey data conducted by the National Statistical Office (GUS), which we mobilize to complete our analysis and present the innovation potential of the Gdansk region. The empirical analysis shows that liberalization has contributed to the development of innovation in the Gdansk region, firstly by promoting the accumulation of secondary assets, secondly by improving its scientific and technical potential, and thirdly by encouraging the emergence of innovative companies. The latter are the result of a process of creative destruction that has allowed the renewal of the local productive fabric. All the results allow us to approve that the Gdansk region, during its reconversion, has undergone institutional, economic and social changes that have transformed it into a territorialized innovation system. This system is the result of the articulation between the action of local authorities and the activities of private actors likely to innovate.

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France, like other countries, seeks to enhance its scientific excellence and increase the competitiveness of its small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in order to take full advantage of innovation and support economic growth and employment. In France and elsewhere, there is no specific policy to support innovation in SMEs, but there are scientific and industrial research policies, particularly in favor of small businesses, and innovation policies, in which specific measures to promote technological development and innovation in SMEs can be identified. This study looks at the way in which, in France, these public policies have been defined and organized over the years, and examines the effectiveness and impact of public interventions in the development of the innovation capacity of French SMEs. It is divided into three parts, following a historical chronology corresponding to the major stages of policy evolution from the 1960s-1970s to the present. These three analytical parts are enriched by the analysis of the case of the National Agency for Research Promotion (Anvar). At the end of this work, we suggest that France is entering a critical phase where structural reforms must be carried out to ensure the development of SME competitiveness and innovation.

This thesis traces the genesis of development economics in order to highlight its salient features and main developments. It focuses on the prominent place given to institutions in the new theories of development and the resulting policies. The concept of governance mobilized here highlights new mechanisms of coordination and resource allocation and reveals new dimensions that were obscured by the first development policies. The launch of the concept of "good governance" by international institutions at the beginning of the 1990s is indicative of the appeal of this concept to them. Hence the importance of highlighting its strengths and weaknesses and the relevance of adopting a gradual approach in which developing countries, as they build up their institutional capacities and strengthen the basic capabilities of individuals, will have an increasingly diversified economy and growth driven by factors, efficiency and innovation. Gabon, which we are analyzing in several subsystems (political, economic and social), serves as a laboratory in that it allows us to measure the impact of the institutional deficit on the strengthening of the cash economy. Indeed, any strategy for diversifying the economy presupposes the establishment of new effective institutions and the emergence of a strategic state (coordinator, planner and reducer of uncertainty) and seems to be an intermediate mechanism - between bad governance and good governance - for producing confidence.

The problems associated with the way African Franc Zone countries are integrated into world trade can be explained by the high concentration of exports of raw materials for which world demand is declining and imports of manufactured goods for which world demand is increasing. Most trade is conducted with a few OECD countries for historical, political and economic reasons. Despite the existence of economic and monetary integration, intra-regional trade is marginal because of homogeneous and competing production structures. The oligopsonistic nature of commodity markets, subsidies granted by industrialized countries to their farmers, stock management and strategic reserve policies, and speculation make AFZ countries "takers of a price" that, compared to that of manufactured goods, shows a deterioration in the terms of trade, which leads to low and volatile revenues. The specialization and strong extraversion of the economy of the AFZ countries are thus at the root of unsustained long-term economic growth, recurrent public deficits and the public debt crisis. Thus, improving the macroeconomic performance of ZFA countries requires a shift from a rent-based economy to a production-based economy.

We propose in this thesis to study the change which knew the world context of exchange of products Textile-Clothing (following the entry of China (being the first world producer of TH) in the WTO and the liberalization of the exchanges on the world market), as well as the capacity of Tunisian price competitiveness compared to its competitors and the important role which play the factors of structural competitiveness in the determination of the competitive capacity of the sector TH of the various exporting countries in particular Tunisia. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part concentrates on the study of the history and the evolution of the sector TH in addition to its current context of production and exchange. The second part focuses more on the comparative quantitative analysis of competitiveness and its determinants. The objective of this work is to study the competitiveness of the Tunisian TH sector in an increasingly hostile context. Indeed, from this thesis, we tried to mount a comparative grid based on the different theories of world trade and the different factors of competitiveness in order to highlight the achievements and the factors of action likely to improve the competitiveness of the sector on the world market.

In the global market of metallurgical engineering for cast iron production technologies, European companies are increasingly confronted with competitors from emerging countries. In response to this challenge, they are developing a specific strategic sales behavior, which is studied by the author, based on practical experiences in industry. Innovation, which is at the heart of this strategy, is deployed, not through technology transfer, i.e. in the form of autonomous industrial property transfer, but through technology diffusion where the transfer vector is the physical equipment, manufactured directly or indirectly by the firm. Global competitive practices are thus undermining traditional technology protection and transfer tools.

Our research focuses on the updating of a new organizational benchmark, because we suspect a context favorable to its emergence. To do this, we have mobilized the literature dedicated, firstly, to organizational dynamics and, secondly, to the mode and content of organizational representation. Organizational dynamics proposes coevolution as a framework for understanding because it includes different motors that trigger the appearance of new forms of organization. The theory of organizations reveals great idealtypes, organizational markers, reflecting a specific arrangement. In these footsteps, we have developed a research methodology that relies on the construction of an idealtype, based on qualitative data, with start-ups. The results show the formation of an idealtype characterized by a playful logic that favors innovation but also learning.

Until the 1970s, risk theory in economic thought focused on the single risk. Since the 1980s, the economic theory of risk has included multirisk. In this study, the concept of marine oil risk is related to multi-hazard, which refers to a system of two main risks: the body risk of the oil tanker and the marine oil pollution risk. The risk in maritime oil transport, which is related to the multirisk, is, by its component "oil pollution risk", a new risk, which cannot be covered by insurance methods. The application of the economic theory of risk to maritime oil transport therefore has its limits. On a regulatory and legal basis, this study focuses on performance through total quality management. In this respect, the strategies followed by the various partners involved in maritime oil transport are analyzed. Two consequences emerge. The first concerns the oil fleet, whose overcapacity compresses oil freight rates. The renewal of the oil fleet, from good quality (modern) double hull tankers, is only possible if these freight rates are highly remunerative and allow the coverage of the total costs of the oil carrier, to enable the latter to acquire modern tankers. The second consequence is that only the strict application of the regulatory and legislative provisions could contribute to enable the oil carrier to obtain profitable oil freight rates by eliminating sub-standard tankers.

"Following the failure of what can be described as a first generation growth model based on the export of raw materials and supported by external financing, the emergence of a true market economy is currently one of the plausible ways out of the financial crisis in African countries such as Gabon. But this search for economic efficiency in the liberal perspective obeys a certain number of laws. The market is the reference model. Competition allows the achievement of economic equilibrium, hence the liberal credo of "laissez-faire". To this end, the improvement of the economic environment is a prerequisite, i.e. the creation of a legal framework for accumulation allowing rational individuals to realize themselves through entrepreneurship, the criterion being the realization of profit. The role of the State appears to be decisive, especially in countries where essential needs are not satisfied. It must find new regulations requiring an evaluation, in order to bring about large-scale growth. ".

The development of alliances raises the question of the underlying logic of alliance strategies and how to conduct them. Starting from the limits of the theories of the firm, we have tried in this research to bring elements of response by developing a systemic analysis of these strategies. These strategies appear to be a means for firms to act in complexity by inserting themselves into networks to serve their innovation policies. The structure of the networks of insertion thus seems to determine the advantages drawn by the firms from their alliance strategies. The study carried out with leading software companies has made it possible to support this thesis and to suggest some structural rules for the formulation of alliance strategies.

Entrepreneurship is a dynamic process that creates wealth (jobs, innovations) and is highly dependent on the environment (local and territorial) from which the entrepreneur emerges. Economists highlight two types of analysis to observe the "entrepreneur" phenomenon. For some, the entrepreneur is the engine of economic dynamics. For others, the entrepreneur is a social construction of capitalism. The entrepreneur draws his investment opportunities from his environment, which is shaped by the initiative of other entrepreneurs, the State, consumers and employees. In an economy undergoing industrial restructuring, where the large enterprise (and the large factory) dominates activities and social representations, what is the place of the small enterprise, of the entrepreneur? The small business is inseparable from the profile of its creator, and the creator appears and asserts himself in a localized economic environment. By studying the Dunkirk economy, an economy with a strong industrial tradition, we show that the economic dynamic is driven by political will, and that the density of relations between local economic actors forms a specific space for entrepreneurship.

In 2001, the US Department of Defense (DOD) decided to develop a "system of systems" defence, referred to as the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS), designed to protect the United States against limited ballistic missile attack from uncertain states and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) will progressively develop an integrated multi-layered ballistic missile defense (BMD) system to intercept all ranges of missiles in their various phases of flight-initial, midcourse, and terminal. We will explore a geostrategic and economic approach to the new threats and we will examine the American responses, which are based on the reaffirmation of their hyperpower status through technological mastery in the face of an absence of European response. Europe is content to develop mainly incremental innovations and follows a Smithian growth policy, whereas the United States gives priority to radical innovations and a Schumpeterian growth policy.

Using an alternative mode of organization to the market, arms production makes it possible for firms to obtain a rent because of a strong informational asymmetry (bilateral monopolies). However, this aspect is not essential for understanding the specificity of this production. What differentiates it is the importance that the military attach to the technological performance of armaments. This "technophile bias" results from the need to obtain or maintain technological superiority. It gives rise to a research programme that makes it possible to transform the various armaments into systems and to develop innovative fields of research. Operating within this framework, armaments production forms more than a meso-system. The combination of industrial, political, financial and budgetary variables, as well as strategic and technological variables, gives rise to a "hypersystem" whose functioning is governed by an organizing principle: "syzygy", i.e. a set of relations stemming from a common technological fund for several mesosystems. This original configuration explains the particular role of armaments in the dynamics of the productive system. Syzygy gives rise to a scientific and technical potential that goes beyond military objectives and can find civilian applications. However, the commercial development of these new technologies requires a voluntary approach on the part of firms. Economic growth or depression explains why the connection between arms production and the economy varies according to the evolution of economic activities and investment opportunities. Not only do armaments firms play an important role in this transfer process, but civilian companies can also participate in the valorization of this potential - notably through the creation of interfaces by public military research and development centers.

Scientific and technical information constitutes an organized system of knowledge and know-how. It is the main input to the production of material or immaterial goods. As a means of production, it crystallizes the capitalist relations of production in which it has been constructed. Scientific and technical information cannot therefore be understood as a free good that can be disseminated for free. Its appropriation is carried out through the work necessary to its constitution, in the sphere of production. Capitalist competition, which requires the constant renewal of the means of production, is at the origin, within the national systems of innovation, of the combination of scientific and technical information into informational sets systematically integrated into the processes of production. The erratic succession of periods of growth and crisis during the long movements of accumulation multiplies, for large firms, the modalities of appropriation of information and restricts access to the externalities produced by technological innovation. In the current context of global technological competition, firms are organizing themselves into networks that facilitate the appropriation and protection of information that is central to the production process. The standardization, upstream of production, of production techniques and information sets provides innovative firms with monopoly rents that are reinvested, according to profit opportunities, in the processes of knowledge accumulation. The result is the diffusion of protected sets of information and the work methods that correspond to them. In industrial countries, this is at the origin of industrial and wage stratification to the benefit of the most competitive firms and the most qualified individuals. Countries with weak national systems of innovation are faced with the high cost of appropriating information and endogenizing these norms.