POIX Michel

Despite 15 years of work, the international accounting standard setter, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB), has not succeeded in its attempt to define a specific standard for extractive activities. This partial failure raises the question of whether there is any asset-specific disclosure content, and if so, what form of disclosure it should take. Since the IASB is addressing the shareholder as a priority, our work should naturally begin with an assessment of his perceptions, while recognizing the restrictive nature of such a focus. Using positive theory, consistent with the market orientation of the IASB, our longitudinal study is conducted over eleven years, including the low oil price in 1996/1997 and its sudden rise in 2004, in order to measure the way in which the market(s) perceive(s) the accounting elements relating to the oil and gas extraction activity, characterized by the presence of specific assets with a high strategic content and a reputation for being very uncertain. A review of the literature offers a double retrospective, on the one hand, of works questioning the relevance of value or volume disclosures, and on the other hand, of reasoning by real options, tested in our last empirical work. Carried out on an international population, and measuring the link between accounting disclosures specific to the oil and gas business and market value, our work examines the relevance of these disclosures through the prism of the Ohlson model while proposing a solution to the collinearity problems generated by specific variables.

This paper examines the risks associated with transforming the UAE AF & AD Flight Test Centre into a competitive, independent, and autonomous civilian organization capable of undertaking complex aeronautical projects.In this thesis, the author describes the "PRESENT" FTC as it is today, its mission and function, while looking ahead to the future, the "FUTURE" FTC. The author summarizes the general description of the Enterprise Architecture Framework.

Access to finance is one of the Millennium Development Goals. Poor populations do not have access to financing granted by traditional banks. Microfinance, through microcredit, attempts to meet this major challenge. In Senegal, microfinance has achieved great success through these large MFIs (CMS, UM-PAMECAS, ACEP) which have reached financial viability. However, can we say that microfinance is actively involved in the fight against poverty in Senegal? Micro-loans promote local development: they encourage merchants, artisans and entrepreneurs to develop their local micro-projects and we know that these small projects have a ripple effect on the local economy first and then on the economy of the entire country. The thesis analyzes the links between microfinance and local development in the case of Senegal.

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Corporate innovation raises major questions about the measurement of the concept of technological opportunity. The objective of this thesis is to perform a theoretical analysis of the criteria for revealing and exploiting these opportunities (technology waves, S-curve, Gartner's Hype Curve), and then to test this approach in software publishing. We first demonstrate, through a case study of 3 French technology companies, that each criterion has a limited scope. We then establish a link between R&D intensity, technology cycles and financial markets, through an analysis of the aggregate evolution of R&D expenditures (indicator of the number of opportunities) and of the market capitalization of a sample of 438 software companies from 17 countries over 1994-2005. Finally, we conclude, via a correlation analysis on 3 software publishers as well as our previous sample, that R&D expenses and stock prices tend to evolve in a parallel manner.

The emergence of biotechnologies as a founding paradigm for future research in the pharmaceutical industry raises questions regarding the valorization and industrialization of knowledge resulting from public research. Biotechnology start-ups applied to human health are considered today as an excellent means of technology transfer and valorization. The purpose of this thesis is to study the impact of location and proximity relationships in the development of biotechnology start-ups applied to human health in France. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the difficulties of industrialization of academic knowledge and the importance of proximity relationships in the process of technology transfer through a review of the literature on localized systems of innovation (technopoles, technology parks...). The second part is devoted to the identification of key success factors to ensure the development of BASH start-ups. The last part illustrates our reflection through the study of the impact of the choice of location on the development of these start-ups.

The question of the dynamics of technological absorption generated by alliances has been limited, in theoretical work, to developed countries. These emphasize the role of technological cooperation in the absorption dynamic. Industrial alliances are considered only as a means of unilateral transfer of external technologies. The technological catching up recorded by some developing countries raises the question of the role that industrial alliances play in the development and dynamics of technological absorption capacity in firms. Thus, our empirical case - which is set in a context of North-South agreements - proposes to determine whether the effects of alliances lend themselves to application and adoption in the context of developing countries. At the end of the empirical analysis, we summarize the methods used and the results obtained.

Since the end of the 1970s, partnership strategies have been increasingly adopted by innovative companies belonging mainly to high-tech sectors. The costs and risks that accompany any innovation activity are nowadays shared. Different effects of complementarity are thus sought in the framework of technological partnerships between small and large companies. Companies positioned on an emerging activity such as biotechnology applied to health essentially seek partnership strategies that make it possible to mitigate the costs of R&D and the technological risks linked to the innovation activity. On the other hand, companies positioned on a mature sector, such as clothing, pursue partnership strategies within the framework of flexibility policies due to the risks emanating from the market. In the context of an innovation system essentially oriented towards process innovation, such as the Italian system, partnership strategies are identified above all with client-supplier relations. In the context of an innovation system essentially oriented towards technological innovation, such as the French system, partnership strategies tend to be more diversified and to be identified with both research and development contracts and privileged client-supplier relationships. The economic theory of innovation has above all highlighted the foundations of technological strategies according to the positioning of the firm in the context of the innovation cycle. In addition, the theory of national innovation systems studies all the interactions that can exist between the actors of innovation and the various intermediary actors, thus allowing to carry out an innovation strategy. This research therefore highlights the different paths that certain theoretical developments could follow to characterize the existence of technological partnership strategies between small and large firms.

Technological progress has moved from a macro-economic analysis where growth depended on the appearance of a new technology, which, because of its extension over several sectors of activity, was generally encouraged and financed by governments, to a more micro-economic analysis where innovation is a strategic necessity for the company to ensure its competitiveness. The determinants of technological investment are changing as the world of science and technology is in a state of constant flux. This evolution transforms the structure of the real markets and modifies the financial sphere by the appearance of new financial needs which provoke the birth of a multitude of financial products. Thus, at the end of the 1970s, we moved from a linear model of innovation financing to a model based on financing through increased intervention of capital markets, better adapted to the financing of risk projects. This evolution led to a double trend during the 1980s: the liberalization of financial systems and the globalization of real economies due to the increase in fixed R&D costs and the need to reach critical size. Considering these two trends, the model of innovation financing should be homogeneous on a global scale and technological specialization should disappear. However, the analysis of historical facts has shown that national and sectoral specificities remain: innovation in SMEs has remained the business of the national component of the financial system, characterized by an uneven development of new markets; government intervention for the financing of innovation has continued in most countries to different degrees. Thus, the two models of financing technical progress coexisted at the end of the 1980s in most countries, with the persistence of the classic dominance of national innovation systems and financial systems.