LOUVION Alexis

This thesis studies the hybridization of employment statuses through "portage salarial", a mechanism that allows self-employed workers to have the status of employee by signing an employment contract with a third party employer. Based on a survey of interviews, observations, and documentary analysis (employment contracts, jurisprudence, legal texts, press articles), the thesis, which is situated at the crossroads of the sociology of work and employment, economic sociology, and the sociology of law, undertakes to analyze the various stages of the production and appropriation chain of this particular form of wage employment. It traces the legal and legislative co-construction of the system, studies the way in which portage companies trade this form of employment, and analyzes the bricolages made by workers who try to take advantage of the hybrid situation in which they find themselves.

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This thesis studies the hybridization of employment statuses through "portage salarial", a mechanism that allows self-employed workers to have the status of employee by signing an employment contract with a third party employer. Based on a survey of interviews, observations, and documentary analysis (employment contracts, jurisprudence, legal texts, press articles), the thesis, which is situated at the crossroads of the sociology of work and employment, economic sociology, and the sociology of law, undertakes to analyze the various stages of the production and appropriation chain of this particular form of wage employment. It traces the legal and legislative co-construction of the system, studies the way in which portage companies trade this form of employment, and analyzes the bricolages made by workers who try to take advantage of the hybrid situation in which they find themselves.

Through the example of freelance administration, this article proposes to explore the links between employment status and the skills needed to perform work in the era of digital capitalism. This form of employment, which allows self-employed workers to acquire the status of employee by signing an employment contract with a third party employer (the freelance administration company), thus participates in a redefinition of the roles of employer and employee, while at the same time transforming the way in which market links operate between client and worker. Based on interviews with employees, interviews with directors and permanent staff of the portage companies, as well as on a press review, we will try to explore the impacts of uberization on a population often ignored by these analyses: the intellectual professions. We will thus ask ourselves how a specific type of platform, the "portage salarial" companies, present themselves as a break with the other digital platforms and contribute to the pluralization of the skills mobilized by the ported workers in the daily exercise of their work.

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Based on ethnographic material, this article shows how a form of employment that blurs the boundary between salaried work and self-employment, freelance work, transforms the uses of unemployment insurance by opening it up to "autonomous workers". The article shows how a private actor appropriates and diverts the logic of a social protection tool, and explores the configurations in which workers use it to stabilize their careers.

Based on a doctoral research on the mechanism of freelance administration, this article intends to show how for-profit companies, the freelance administration companies, reappropriate discourses and practices assimilated to the field of the collaborative economy and put them at the service of their economic model. They are formally close to the cooperatives of activity and employment, since they both participate in the legal elaboration of the notion of contractor-employees. The aim is to see how these companies, by taking advantage of the vagueness surrounding the notions of cooperation and collaboration, draw on a repertoire of justifications that emphasize the social utility of their activity, while at the same time organizing the blurring of three types of boundaries: the one between salaried work and self-employment . the one between social and profit-making objectives . the one between paid work and free work.

This article presents large excerpts from an interview conducted in the spring of 2016 with Martine, a 58-year-old former teacher who is now a psychopractitioner working on a freelance basis. Made up of professional and marital bifurcations, her journey is here apprehended as an illustration of the mutations of a labor market in which employment statuses and activities follow one another and accumulate. First employed by the French Ministry of Education, then as a civil servant, and finally as a salaried entrepreneur through a freelance administration company, Martine has experimented with different forms of employment, to find herself today at the crossroads of independence and salaried employment. By taking advantage of the specificity of the material section to give a predominant place to verbatim, this article intends to expose the logics and resources mobilized by Martine to escape precariousness while giving meaning to her work at the different moments of her career.