GIRAUD HERAUD Eric

In many countries, the consumption of still wine is in strong decline. The market for rose wine, however, stands in stark contrast to this trend, seeing worldwide growth of almost 30% over the last 15 years. For most observers/experts, product colour plays an important role in this paradigm shift. For this reason, companies' marketing efforts often focus on this purely visual characteristic. There is, however, no certainty that other emerging consumer demands, related to environmental concerns or how "natural" a wine is (organic wines, natural wines, etc.), do not also play a role in the enthusiasm seen in new wine consumers. This article proposes an assessment of expectations related to colour and the decisions made by rose wine consumers, using two complementary experiments carried out in France. The first experiment is based on an online survey studying only consumers' colour preferences. We will show that, contrary to popular belief, there is no consensus on this criterion, although regional trends can be identified. Typically, the "salmon" shade, which is generally the leader on the global market-and characteristic of Provence wines-does not win unanimous support across all regions. In contrast, an "apricot" shade seems to be preferred by consumers in the Bordeaux region. The second experiment confirms this result within the framework of an experimental market revealing consumers' willingness to pay (WTP). This market also offers consumers the opportunity to taste wines and provides information on organic certification and "naturalness" (symbolised by the absence of added sulphites). We will then demonstrate how the latter criteria, although often popular, play only a small role-compared with colour-in consumer decisions. We will conclude this article with observations on the atypical nature of the rose wine market and on possible avenues for further research related to the emotional role colour plays in wine tasting and its possible specificity in the world of food and drink products.

In recent years it has become more common that downstream firms implement joint or collective private standards in order to improve the safety of final products. In this paper, we present a model of vertical relationships in which a group of downstream firms impose more stringent specifications on upstream suppliers. The probability of failing to provide safe goods is endogenously determined by the investments made by upstream producers. Furthermore, a penalty cost in the event of a crisis, due to a rule of liability, is modeled as a decreasing function of the level of the standard. The influence of the rule of liability on the adoption of the joint standard and the size of the stable coalition are examined. The conditions under which the probability of a failure to provide safe goods decrease are examined and discussed.

The authors formalize the economic assessment that must be made following the implementation of a quality label or an appellation of origin in agriculture. They propose a general model of analysis to establish the conditions under which decentralized control of supply simultaneously maximizes producer profit and consumer surplus. They conclude the article with a discussion of the status of producer groups and interprofessions within the Common Market Organization for wine.

This paper develops an original framework to better understand the interaction between the development of brands and the quality of raw materials. We consider different levels of consumer trust for a brand and we examine the incentive for firms to improve the quality of a processed product by requiring that upstream suppliers adopt a private standard. In contrast to previous literature, the incentive for firms to develop a more stringent private standard may increase with the level of the regulated minimum quality standard. Moreover, the creation of a private standard can reduce the risk of consumer dissatisfaction while increasing the marketed quantity. Unexpected positive effects of a reinforcement of the minimum quality standard may arise, in the sense that both market access for upstream producers and consumer surplus are improved and final price may decrease with respect to simply complying with the regulation.

Today, there is a particularly large body of work on wine demand. These works concern theoretical and empirical analyses of consumer behavior carried out on a large number of countries and integrating economic, demographic or sociological explanatory variables. We propose a synthetic work that allows a comparison of the results obtained by authors analyzing the demand for wine through estimates of demand elasticities. The realization of a meta-analysis allowed us to statistically compare the results obtained by the authors according to the hypotheses of estimations, the data bases used and all the factors allowing to differentiate one estimation from another. This econometric analysis allowed us to highlight the importance of taking into account socio-demographic factors in the estimation of demand.

This article analyzes international coordination within the European Union by looking at the example of grain trade. The focus is on the divergent interests that may exist in this market between two of the main European exporters: France and the United Kingdom. The authors show how the possibility of reaching a sustainable agreement (in the sense of the core theory) depends on: the nature of the objective function of each member state (the social preference granted to farmers within each state is discussed) . the choice of instruments used to limit cereal production (in particular the percentages of set-aside and the level of compensatory aid) . the way in which the EAGGF is financed by the states. The use of the "Aropaj" model makes it possible to provide quantified results in the framework of a sectoral approach.

The authors propose a model of international industrial economics to analyze the rationality underlying the strategic decisions of importers on international markets in the presence of food safety standards. More specifically, they analyze the effects of these strategies on the performance of export sectors in developing countries. They show how, given the heterogeneity of standards at the international level, importers strategically choose the destination market by adjusting their supply volumes to market opportunities and how these choices affect the participation rate of developing country (DC) producers. The authors also show how importers' strategies can be compatible or incompatible with the "general interest" of the developing country by evaluating the levels reached by several indicators: export volumes, value captured by local operators in the sector, exclusion rate of producers and income of participating producers.

This paper proposes to estimate consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for wine characteristics using incentive compatible laboratory experiments with participants randomly selected from the general population. The main question is to identify the value of a supposedly well known Appellation of Origin (namely “Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée Bourgogne”) compared to other quality signals like grape variety or brand, in the lowermiddle range segment of the market. In order to assess the respective values of these different characteristics for consumers, the experiments compares wine made from the same grape variety, “Pinot Noir”, which is the grape variety of red Burgundy wines. Sessions were carried out in France, and Germany. Real sales at a random selling price,based on the Becker, DeGroot, Marschak (BDM) mechanism, revealed consumers’ WTP in three different information conditions (blind tasting, label examination, tasting and label examination). Results show that sensory characteristics and label information influence differently French and German consumers. They also reveal that Appellation of Origin information is of little value outside the country of origin for middle range wines. Moreover, it appears that the small differences observed in mean WTP for each wine, in each country and information condition do not result from consumers’ lack of discrimination. Participants in both samples display strong individual preferences,however being very heterogeneous these preferences tend to cancel out when individual WTP are aggregated.

The paper proposes to associate certification of origin with a non-tariff barrier in international trade. Indeed, certification of origin often results in both a quantitative restriction and an implicit quality subsidy. We consider the canonical model of international competition in which a domestic firm and a foreign firm compete for the sale of their product on the domestic market. In this framework, we show how the adoption of certification can allow the domestic firm to position itself as a quality leader. If, on the contrary, it offers the lower quality good, consumer surplus can be improved.

No summary available.

The authors propose a generalization of the circular model of product differentiation by considering a multi-product firm competing with a large number of single-product firms. They show the existence of a price equilibrium in the market, which they characterize in the case of quadratic transport costs for consumers. They show the properties of this equilibrium in terms of market shares and profits obtained by the firms. The multi-product firm uses its market niches to implement asymmetric pricing that allows part of its line to be protected from competition and to extract the maximum surplus from consumers.

The alcoholic beverages sector is a good example of the implementation of non-tariff barriers to trade. In this area, governments are increasing the number of barriers to imports, most often for public health reasons. This study emphasizes the essential role played by specific consumption taxes (excise duties), showing how a harmonization of these taxes can be accepted by the States.

The article proposes a theoretical study of the new generations of private labels in the food sector. The authors propose an original model of vertical relationship integrating the existence of an intermediate market of competitive type (spot market) in parallel with the implementation of a privileged contractual relationship between a part of the upstream producers and a distributor. They then show under what conditions the producers involved and the distributor will effectively implement this type of approach. It seems, however, that unlike producers, distributors and consumers prefer a legislated improvement in quality by strengthening minimum quality standards.

Using experimental auctions carried out on apples in different European countries, we contribute to the assessment of consumer willingness to pay for the reduction of pesticides. We study several systems of good agricultural practices, possibly signaled to consumers, ranging from public and private Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to organic production methods. The results suggest a relatively homogeneous behavior of European consumers and we show how improving the information on pesticides reduction could have unexpected consequences. Results also show that sensory characteristics or reference to an origin of production should not be overlooked.

No summary available.

The alcoholic beverages sector is an exemplary case of the establishment of non-tariff barriers to trade. In this area, governments are striving to increase the difficulties of marketing imported products, most often for reasons of public health, which is directly dependent on alcohol consumption. The authors emphasize the essential role played by specific consumption taxes (excise), showing how a harmonization of these taxes can be accepted by the States.

This working paper is a critical analysis of the CAP 2000 wine project of the Directorate General for Agriculture. It aims to replace the twenty-three regulations in force by a single regulation, in order to promote a competitive wine sector with a stable structural supply-demand balance for intra-Community markets, likely to guarantee a better income for producers and an improvement in quality for consumers. The first part focuses on certain sensitive points of the proposed reform of the Common Market Organization (CMO) for wine and summarizes the issues that have not been sufficiently explored. The second part details the crucial point dealing with the legitimacy of the interprofessions on the economic level.

No summary available.

In a context where the marketing potential of the Champagne appellation continues to grow, a lack of regulation of the intermediary market between the vineyard and the trade will lead to a continued increase in grape prices, to the gradual closing of the market, and to a double concentration movement to the detriment of the consumer: a few very large brands downstream and a few very large cooperatives upstream. This example raises the question of the legitimacy of interprofessional intervention on intermediate prices.

The authors highlight the strategic stakes involved in holding a portfolio of brands in a differentiated market. They analyze the optimal absorption policies of a multi-product firm and show how such a strategy obeys the principle of maximum market share connectivity. It is shown that the strategy of capturing new market segments is always dominated by the strategy of strengthening market power in the segments already controlled. They examine, according to the initial industrial structure, the conditions under which the acquisition of a competitor is "friendly" or "unfriendly".

This paper provides an original theoretical framework to better understand the development and economic effectiveness of private safety standards. Taking the example of the food sector and taking explicitly into account the role of consumer behavior and vertical relationships along supply chains, we analyze the interactions between private and public modes of safety risk governance. Unlike most contributions in the literature, we show that a laxity of regulation is not necessarily the dominant situation in which private standards are more likely to appear. We also show why these private standards may have positive effects for both suppliers (by improving market access and income for growers) and consumers (reducing risk and improving surplus).

No summary available.

As the complexity of wine flavor is strongly linked with grape quality, depending on grape-growing practices and winemaking procedures, winemakers are concerned to anticipate some stabilization of consumer preferences for specific, intrinsic, wine characteristics. The objective of our experiment was to compare the impact of tasting wine over time at home, with first impressions in a single tasting session under laboratory conditions on the preference for certain types of premium red Bordeaux wines available on the market. To assess the consistency of evaluation at home, half of the participants tasted two contrasting wines (fresh/jammy fruit, low/high alcohol) on several occasions. In both cases, traditional sensory analysis and experimental economic techniques were applied to evaluate the preferences of French consumers (N = 184) and their willingness to pay. This observation of the effect of repeated exposure to wines with high alcohol levels (15% vol.), marked by jammy fruit flavors, on the stability of appreciation of these wines clearly revealed the fragility of short-term preferences and the importance of giving consumers time to evaluate wines in a familiar atmosphere.

Varieties resistant to cryptogamic diseases of the vine hold out great hope for a reduction in the use of phytosanitary products. They seem to be a credible alternative to traditional grape varieties because the wines produced from them should find takers on the market, according to a study published by researchers at the Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences (University of Bordeaux, France).

No summary available.

As the complexity of wine flavor is strongly linked with grape quality, depending on grape-growing practices and winemaking procedures, winemakers are concerned to anticipate some stabilization of consumer preferences for specific, intrinsic, wine characteristics. The objective of our experiment was to compare the impact of tasting wine over time at home, with first impressions in a single tasting session under laboratory conditions on the preference for certain types of premium red Bordeaux wines available on the market. To assess the consistency of evaluation at home, half of the participants tasted two contrasting wines (fresh/jammy fruit, low/high alcohol) on several occasions. In both cases, traditional sensory analysis and experimental economic techniques were applied to evaluate the preferences of French consumers (N = 184) and their willingness to pay. This observation of the effect of repeated exposure to wines with high alcohol levels (15% vol.), marked by jammy fruit flavors, on the stability of appreciation of these wines clearly revealed the fragility of short-term preferences and the importance of giving consumers time to evaluate wines in a familiar atmosphere.

In the absence of incentives to choose other solutions, pesticides, herbicides and fungicides, which are inexpensive, remain the guarantors of easier risk management for farmers, according to economists Cécile Aubert and Eric Giraud-Héraud in an article published in "Le Monde".

Taking into account the major economical role and specificities of the French wine industry, adaptation to climate change is a very challenging issue. In 2011, 23 research teams launched a systemic and multidisciplinary program to analyze the impacts from the vine to the region, to define adaptation strategies combining technical, spatial and organizational options and to evaluate the perception by the actors and consumers of climate change issues. Thermal variability was studied at local scale to develop high resolution atmospheric models which better simulate future climate trends. Impacts on growth/developmental conditions and vine responses were estimated from the calculation of eco-climatic indices and a combination of functional models. Genetic and physiological bases of grapevine adaptation to high temperature and drought were analyzed. Improving oenological and cultural practices as well as plant material innovation have been investigated as major technical adaptations. How these options could be implemented at the plot level was examined to elaborate decision tools. Multi-agent modelling was developed for this purpose. Surveys were performed to evaluate the perception of the main actors regarding climate change and their level of acceptability towards technical changes. Consumer acceptability of new types of wines was also investigated with an experimental economy approach. Finally a foresight exercise was conducted to design four potential adaptation strategies: conservative, innovative, nomad and liberal. Outcomes of this exercise are now used as a tool for wine industry members to develop their own strategic plan for adaptation.

No summary available.

No summary available.

We analyze consumers' evaluations of white wines from resistant varieties, produced in the Languedoc winegrowing region of France (2016 vintage). We use the results from a laboratory experiment performed in Paris in June 2017, where a panel of more than one hundred and sixty consumers, regular buyers of this type of wine, were asked to evaluate a wine of the Bouquet 3159 grape variety (monogenic variety resistant to mildew and powdery mildew and optimized for quality) and compare it with two conventional wines of different quality levels, and with a certified organic wine of similar type and price. The environmental and health performances and the production methods of the different wines were quantified according to several indicators: Treatment frequency indicator (TFI) and pesticide residue analysis. The consumers first evaluated the wines after tasting, having been given only a minimum amount of information about the region of origin and the vintage, then again after receiving information on production methods and the levels of our indicators. The method used to lend credibility to individual valuations used experimental economics, via a mechanism based on direct disclosure of their willingness to pay (maximum purchase price for a bottle of wine according to available information). The results showed that, on a purely sensory level, consumers had difficulty in accepting wine from a resistant variety. We were then able to see that communication focusing on environmental and health performances very much improved the position of the resistant variety of wine, putting it ultimately at the top of the average qualitative evaluations. In economic terms, we show that this promotion results in high market share, gained from conventional wines. Market share losses were lower, however, for the premium conventional wine, suggesting that the higher quality wines would be less directly challenged by wines produced from resistant varieties.

No summary available.

This thesis deals with environmental and health issues in agriculture from the perspective of behavioral economics. Using the emblematic example of the social contestation of pesticide use in the wine industry, we show why the sustainable reorientation of the productive system cannot be achieved without an analysis of the trade-offs made by economic agents. On the demand side, we experimentally measure the competitive effect of certifications (organic agriculture) and technological innovations (e.g. resistant grape varieties, sulfite reduction) on consumer preferences. We observe that consumers are ready to revise their taste requirements in favor of a high level of environmental quality, but that their motivations are partly linked to health expectations, generating contradictory signals for the offer. The low level of information to which they have access is also an obstacle to the selection of the best products. On the supply side, we argue that the response to this demand remains strongly limited by the inertia of the production system. This can be attributed to an aversion to risk but also, once again, to an information deficit, much more than to deviant behavior linked to mimicry, which is often blamed in agriculture. This deficit concerns the possibilities of action of the upstream sector, in our case the wine growers. We then suggest ways of orienting public regulatory policies, at the global level or at the more local level of corporate governance, to facilitate the matching of supply and societal demand.

In a competitive environment and constantly evolving lifestyles and consumption patterns, the hotel offer and the services developed around accommodation and catering as offered today no longer always guarantee either the attractiveness or the profitability necessary for the sustainability of the sector's business model. The modeling of a "new" hotel industry is necessary in order to meet customer expectations while taking into account operating costs and constraints, particularly "hotel service" which plays a determining role in the production and distribution processes of the service as well as in the quality perceived by the customer. The determinants of hotel operational performance have evolved through different cycles transforming the "modern" into the "traditional".This thesis begins by exploring these evolutions in mid-range hotels in France through a field study conducted in twelve hotels as well as at the headquarters of the AccorHotels group in France. This step, questioning the future of the mid-range hotel industry in France, raised research questions about the importance of personnel in the production of mid-range hotel products and services in our society, and more broadly about human capital (in the microeconomic sense) in the hotel industry. We thus decided to explore the links between personnel and hotel operational performance. The latter is composed of economic results, quality perceived by customers and parameters related to the hotel context. Based on an in-depth study of all methodologies and measures of human capital, we chose to measure it via employee commitment at work, using a sample of 146 mid-range hotels (representing 3,740 employees) of the AccorHotels group in France. We also measured, for each of these hotels, a set of contextual data (size, location, customer mix, level of digitalization, renovations, ...), operating income (Earnings Before Interest Taxes), revenue per available room (RevPar), and a measure of customer perceived quality (Reputation Performance Score).This thesis shows the existing links between operating income per room, customer perceived quality, and employee work engagement. This thesis shows that, as a significant antecedent of guest perceived quality (itself an antecedent of operating income), employee work commitment is a key determinant of better performance for mid-range hotels in France. To go further, the identification of a typology of hotels based on these links makes it possible to simultaneously obtain a global and segmented vision of the mid-range hotel industry in France and the role of employees in the acquisition of high performance by type of hotel.

Taking into account the major economical role and specificities of the French wine industry, adaptation to climate change is a very challenging issue. In 2011, 23 research teams launched a systemic and multidisciplinary program to analyze the impacts from the vine to the region, to define adaptation strategies combining technical, spatial and organizational options and to evaluate the perception by the actors and consumers of climate change issues. Thermal variability was studied at local scale to develop high resolution atmospheric models which better simulate future climate trends. Impacts on growth/developmental conditions and vine responses were estimated from the calculation of eco-climatic indices and a combination of functional models. Genetic and physiological bases of grapevine adaptation to high temperature and drought were analyzed. Improving oenological and cultural practices as well as plant material innovation have been investigated as major technical adaptations. How these options could be implemented at the plot level was examined to elaborate decision tools. Multi-agent modelling was developed for this purpose. Surveys were performed to evaluate the perception of the main actors regarding climate change and their level of acceptability towards technical changes. Consumer acceptability of new types of wines was also investigated with an experimental economy approach. Finally a foresight exercise was conducted to design four potential adaptation strategies: conservative, innovative, nomad and liberal. Outcomes of this exercise are now used as a tool for wine industry members to develop their own strategic plan for adaptation.

No summary available.

Highlights •Transdisciplinary EU project evaluating possibilities to reduce pesticide use in viticulture & oenology •In 2017-2018, 32 commercial vineyard plots will be tested in France & Spain to compare low- vs. high-input pesticide strategies. •Multi-pests incidences, pesticide application rates, and other indicators will be assessed, to analyse effects on wine quality and consumer willingness to pay.

No summary available.

No summary available.

No summary available.

This study assesses the reasons that induce wine firms to choose their differentiation strategy, namely a terroir-based or a brand-based approach, considering both endogenous factors (e.g., firm size, nature of upstream-downstream relations) and exogenous conditions (market size/opportunities, collective brand reputation). First, we provide an empirical characterisation of the Italian denomination of origin wine processing and bottling industry as well as of firms' quality differentiation strategies, by means of a cluster analysis (CLA). Based on these results, we developed an industrial organisation model explaining the incentives for firms to adopt each strategy in a competitive context, focusing on the trade-off between terroir-based strategies and brand-based strategies. We conclude that brand-based strategies are motivated mostly by scale economies, short-run market opportunities and synergies between brand and designations of origin, while the main reasons prompting firms to choose terroir-based strategies relate to supply chain control, low demand uncertainty and competition intensity.

multidisciplinary group of researchers and experts of public bodies working on the French wine sector met together to elaborate a foresight exercice with the construction of the plausible ways leading to four different adaptation strategies to climate change of the French wine sector to climate change. For the implementation of this work, the group, considered a single climatic scenario and difined four strategies of adaptation incorporating both geographical mobility and of integration of technological changes, used assumptions from three sources: assumptions from researchers of various disciplines in their own disciplinary field, pre-existing assumptions from former foresight works and assumptions defined according to the statements of actors of the sector on the impacts of climate change and on the possible methods of adaptation. All these assumptions were written in the form of simple sentences, giving one version and its contrary. The various assumptions were selected and then combined between them in order to create a blend within the disciplinary fields, without however inferring of orientation. The result of this work is the join-construction of four plausible ways each one leading to one of the four preselected strategies of adaptation: "conservative" strategy where the evolutions are limited, a "nomade" strategy where the relocalisation of the vineyards is the main vector of adaptation, an "innovating" strategy where the adaptation is the result of the systematic integration of innovations, and finally towards a "liberal" strategy largely opened to any kind of changes. These ways and strategies are not supposed to give a predictive image of the future. However while proposing possible or plausible futures, this work provides material which could be debated within the sector, without immediate challenges that could possibly bias the discussion From the expression of the challenges and consequences of the various ways and strategies in which they result, the actors of the French wine sector will be able to start a strategic reflection. The presentation will be focused on the description of the four ways leading to adaptation strategies and their elaboration. Methodology is specified in another article "Adaptation to the climate change: interest of a prospective approach", same authors.

No summary available.

No summary available.

No summary available.

No summary available.

No summary available.

It is widely accepted that global warming will have significant consequences for many vineyards around the world, with impacts on grape production, grape quality and therefore wine quality. In Bordeaux and other regions, global warming is partly the cause of a change in the chemical composition of grapes harvested under over-ripe conditions. In this context, global warming will involve important economic stakes in wine consumption, and it may be useful to know the capacity of consumers to accept these wines in the long term. The objective of this thesis is both prospective with respect to global warming and its consequences on wine quality and current with respect to the sustainable adequacy between supply and demand. The method of analysis is that of an experimental market coupled with a sensory analysis. Experiments with consumers have shown the influences of the characteristics of global warming wines on consumer preferences and the valuation of wines on the market́. Finally, the results show that consumers have differentiated valuations for oenological processes that aim to correct the negative effects of global warming.

Sustainable food concerns have pushed public authorities to act by means of regulations, standards and other devices, and businesses to innovate in their products and production processes. We argue that the Porter hypothesis—which asserts that properly designed and implemented environmental regulation might be good for society as well as the targeted firms—might well be verified in this context. After reviewing and illustrating the working principles and main criticisms of this hypothesis, we provide a more in-depth discussion of nutritional issues. While the literature generally points to organizational imperfections and market failures to validate the Porter hypothesis, we submit and model another rationale for the agro-food industry, a rationale that is based on consumer behavior.

A prospective for the vine and wine sector in the context of climate change.

No summary available.

No summary available.

The current challenges of the agronomic research and in particular the adaptation of agriculture to climate change, require a very broad disciplinary mobilization. To meet these challenges, which go beyond its disciplinary and territorial organization, the INRA initiated a new system of interdisciplinary piloting of research. Thus, the métaprogramme ACCAF is trying to understand the joint effects of the various modifications caused by climate change on terrestrial farming and natural environments, and to define adaptation strategies of adaptation as well as their environmental and socio-economic consequences. Within this framework, twenty-three research laboratories have been collaborating in the project LACCAVE and united their efforts in the project LACCAVE in order to examine the effects of climate change on the vine and wine sector. In addition to six disciplinary working groups, this project is made up of an interdisciplinary group including researchers and experts of public institution working with the sector, which has carried out a foresight exercise. By directing the reflection towards a medium-long term future (2030–2050), this prospective exercise authorizes us to leave the temporal horizon of the negotiation and the dictatorship of emergency. As the long-term future is neither known nor recognizable, the evolutions are considered as combinations of assumptions expressed in one potential form and its opposite. For the prospective in the LACCAVE program, four strategies of adaptation of viticulture for 2030–2050 were predefined and a collective and pluridisciplinary work made possible the writing of a plausible way of events leading to each strategy. These results will then be used to debate with the actors of the wine sector at various geographical levels, in order to contribute to the development and the consolidation of choices of strategies of adaptation of the vineyards to climate change. The presentation will focus on this original methodology and its specific implementation. Stories are detailed in another article "Work of prospective on the adaptation of the viticulture to climate change: which series of events could support various adaptation strategies?.

A multidisciplinary group of researchers and experts of public bodies working on the French wine sector met together to elaborate a foresight exercice with the construction of the plausible ways leading to four different adaptation strategies to climate change of the French wine sector to climate change. For the implementation of this work, the group, considered a single climatic scenario and difined four strategies of adaptation incorporating both geographical mobility and of integration of technological changes, used assumptions from three sources: assumptions from researchers of various disciplines in their own disciplinary field, pre-existing assumptions from former foresight works and assumptions defined according to the statements of actors of the sector on the impacts of climate change and on the possible methods of adaptation. All these assumptions were written in the form of simple sentences, giving one version and its contrary. The various assumptions were selected and then combined between them in order to create a blend within the disciplinary fields, without however inferring of orientation. The result of this work is the join-construction of four plausible ways each one leading to one of the four preselected strategies of adaptation: "conservative" strategy where the evolutions are limited, a "nomade" strategy where the relocalisation of the vineyards is the main vector of adaptation, an “innovating” strategy where the adaptation is the result of the systematic integration of innovations, and finally towards a "liberal" strategy largely opened to any kind of changes. These ways and strategies are not supposed to give a predictive image of the future. However while proposing possible or plausible futures, this work provides material which could be debated within the sector, without immediate challenges that could possibly bias the discussion From the expression of the challenges and consequences of the various ways and strategies in which they result, the actors of the French wine sector will be able to start a strategic reflection. The presentation will be focused on the description of the four ways leading to adaptation strategies and their elaboration. Methodology is specified in another article "Adaptation to the climate change: interest of a prospective approach", same authors.

This paper deals with the actual expectations of consumers on food safety and their predictable behaviour in case of foodborne outbreaks. We present an overview of the purchase process for risky products and we show the reason why the consumer has a specific behaviour with respect to the sanitary risk. Moreover, by taking the results of different works that focused these effects in the meat and fruit & vegetables sectors, we show how the real quality signals on the European market (organic production, designation of origin, private retail labels, etc.) could promote consumer confidence.

No summary available.

No summary available.

We study the relative willingness-to-pay (WTP) of consumers according to the diversity of supply in a market and we show how the presence of substitutes for a given product leads to question the incentive mechanisms commonly used in experimental auctions. We propose a Surplus Comparison Mechanism (SCM) in order to yield WTP estimates which better take into account the choice set available to consumers. After showing the efficiency of this mechanism we test the SCM in a laboratory experiment, reconsidering WTP for food environmental certifications (Integrated Pest Management and Organic certification). It appears that WTPs are decreasing when more alternative certifications are offered to consumers.

No summary available.

This paper discusses consumers' actual expectations regarding food safety and their predicted behavior in the event of a health crisis. We start from concepts developed in microeconomic theories of risk behavior and we review measures of the purchasing process for risky products both for health crises (what we call 'immediate risk') and for long-term processes (what we call 'diffuse risk'). We show why the consumer has a specific behavior when it comes to health risk related to food consumption and that this behavior is hardly compatible with the classical theory of utility expectation. Behavioral biases such as risk denial or non-rationalized boycotts are, on the contrary, much more often observed in reality, which leads us to believe that health safety should be considered as a due and not as a demand for quality in the economic sense.

No summary available.

Using experimental auctions carried out on apples in different European countries, this paper contributes to the assessment of consumer willingness to pay for the reduction of pesticides. We study several systems of good agricultural practices, possibly signalled to consumers, ranging from Integrated Pest Management certifications to organic production methods. The results show a relatively homogeneous behaviour of European consumers and reveal that improving the information on pesticide reduction may have unintended consequences. Results also suggest that taste characteristics and reference to a Protected Denomination of Origin should not be overlooked.

The book proposes an overview of the research conducted to date in the field of wine economics. All of these contributions have in common the use of econometric techniques and mathematical formalization to describe the new challenges of this economic sector.

The social and environmental responsibility of agriculture and agri-food companies is now widely questioned. This economic sector is at a crossroads given the numerous environmental externalities of the sector's activity, the health safety problems linked to globalization and trade developments, and finally the public health issue linked to overeating and obesity. These issues are pushing public authorities to react very strongly through regulations, norms and other standardization measures, and companies to invest in CSR actions to maintain their reputation in the long term. In line with Porter's hypothesis, we show how it is possible to coordinate these two types of strategic levers, by demonstrating to what extent regulations can induce a "win-win" virtuous circle, in order to favor both corporate profits and the societal balance of their activities.

No summary available.

Using experimental auctions carried out on apples in different European countries, this paper contributes to the assessment of consumer willingness to pay for the reduction of pesticides. We study several systems of good agricultural practices, possibly signalled to consumers, ranging from Integrated Pest Management certifications to organic production methods. The results show a relatively homogeneous behaviour of European consumers and reveal that improving the information on pesticide reduction may have unintended consequences. Results also suggest that taste characteristics and reference to a Protected Denomination of Origin should not be overlooked.

No summary available.

This paper deals with the actual expectations of consumers on food safety and their predictable behaviour in case of foodborne outbreaks. We present an overview of the purchase process for risky products and we show the reason why the consumer has a specific behaviour with respect to the sanitary risk. Moreover, by taking the results of different works that focused these effects in the meat and fruit & vegetables sectors, we show how the real quality signals on the European market (organic production, designation of origin, private retail labels, etc.) could promote consumer confidence.

No summary available.

No summary available.

The aim of this thesis is to study the possibility and economic feasibility of product diversification and improvement of food quality characteristics by companies, in a context in which these modifications are subject to technical constraints that induce non-negligible costs, not necessarily valued by the market. In this context, we seek to understand to what extent it is possible for public authorities to intervene to encourage firms to make sufficient efforts (in terms of upstream investment) to promote the marketing of products that conform to the quality desired by society. We have applied these research perspectives to two important and topical societal issues, namely the coexistence of GMO and non-GMO sectors and the question of health and nutrition through the issue of the entry of more acceptable product ranges from a nutritional point of view (less sugar, less fat, etc.). These issues, which occupy the two parts of the thesis, are elaborated by mobilizing tools of the Theory of Industrial Organization. The results show that spontaneous choices of product lines by firms are not always socially satisfactory, which implies public intervention under certain conditions. In the case of GMO/non-GMO coexistence, the non-GMO product may not have the desired characteristic in the absence of regulation. In the case of nutritional issues, the firms present on the market do not systematically offer foods that are favorable from a health point of view in the absence of public intervention. The general conclusion of the thesis is that it is often necessary to combine several public instruments. In the case of GMO/non-GMO coexistence, public authorities can effectively manage coexistence by simultaneously acting on the labeling threshold, the conditions for testing and control, and the level of the penalty. In the case of the nutritional issue, intervention through an R&D subsidy has certain weaknesses, such as the risk of the subsidy being used by the firm or inducing distortions to the detriment of public health. This suggests combining the R&D subsidy with another instrument such as taxation.

No summary available.

This thesis is a contribution to the analysis of the consumption and distribution of food goods. It is based on the theoretical framework of demand econometrics and vertical relationships in industrial organization. The first part is based on the example of wine consumption. The aim is to understand statistically the extreme diversity of values available for price and income elasticities. Using a meta-analysis, we show how the results obtained vary according to the socio-economic characteristics of the population studied, the type of database, and the modeling technologies used by the authors. After finding that wine characteristics influence the estimation of income elasticities, we propose an experimental economics protocol to measure consumers' willingness to pay for private labels and appellations of origin. The second part of the thesis focuses on the improvement of the willingness to pay by retailers. We first show how it is possible to consider selective distribution of products by distributors that are efficient in their marketing efforts. Based on a study of private labels of fresh products, the last chapter of the thesis studies the possibility for retailers to improve the quality of products, and the effects of such a strategy on the economy of an agri-food chain.

In his theory of monopolistic competition Chamberlin, 1933, postulated that products by firms are not perfectly substitutable. Since Hotelling, 1929, many models of product differentiation with "address" have been developed. We show in this thesis how these models differ and how they can be applied to contexts as different as industrial economics and political science. In the first part, we analyze horizontal integration and show that the existence of product differentiation leads to incentives to merge when the merged firms continue to produce their full set of qualities. The freedom to enter the market appears to be the only disincentive to horizontal integration. In the second part we use location models to understand the behavior of voters and candidates in the run-up to an election. We then show how it is possible to estimate the distribution of the electorate on a left-right axis and to locate the candidates on this same axis.