LESNARD Laurent

In France, the unionization rate in 2017 is estimated to be around 11%. Among all members, women represent 36%. While we are witnessing a relative feminization of the union fabric under the impetus of the "women's cause space", women are still underrepresented, both at the bottom of the hierarchy among members, at intermediate levels among workplace activists, and in executive positions in union organizations. Although women have massively invested the salaried labor market since the end of World War II, unions have long been reluctant to open up to women, oscillating between proclaiming their right to work and sending them back to the home.To understand the permanence of this observation, the thesis proposes to study the construction of union careers in the light of the question of the articulation of the life spheres of CFDT activists. Through the notion of biographical availability, which refers to a relative absence of biographical constraints (family, professional, financial, etc.) and which tends to make activism time-consuming and/or risky, the thesis invites us to take seriously the temporal dimension in the process of manufacturing union commitment and its inequalities within France's leading union.This thesis is based first of all on documentary research from the CFDT's confederal archives. From the study of leaflets, femininity and masculinity, like mobile cursors, allow us to approach the relationship of the union organization to the cause of women in a historical way. It is then based on a corpus of 40 biographical interviews of CFDT activists conducted in each stratum of the organization: by a professional and sectoral axis on the one hand, and interprofessional and territorial on the other. Finally, it is based on the creation of a new national statistical survey: the EPASY survey, which retrospectively and jointly retraces the professional, intimate and trade union dimensions of 1115 CFDT activists. This research first highlights the weight of biographical availability in the construction of militant careers in union space and time. Depending on certain professional and family configurations, union careers accelerate or slow down. Union involvement and its level are more or less facilitated. But this biographical availability is the place of inequalities according to the gender and the class of belonging of the activists, in particular according to the level of economic, cultural and activist resources.

For a long time, Sunday was dedicated to attending religious services as the "Lord's Day". The industrial 19th century made it a working day like any other, and it is finally the struggles for the improvement of the working conditions that pushed all the industrialized countries to revive the tradition of Sunday off. If today Sunday remains "a day like no other", it is clear that for the last three decades a process of deregulation of Sunday rest has been underway in France and in Europe. This book deciphers the stakes of these "Sunday battles". It aims above all at analyzing the impact of the increasing trivialization of Sunday work on the living conditions of people who work on that day, as well as on their use of time. The negative effects on their social and family life lead the authors to apprehend the question of Sunday work through the prism of its social usefulness, particularly in the light of the population's expectations.

Is working on Sunday useful? No, say Jean-Yves Boulin and Laurent Lesnard in their latest book "Les Batailles du dimanche. The extension of Sunday work and its social consequences". Going beyond the usual ideological divisions, the two sociologists analyze Sunday work from the point of view of its social utility. Interview with Laurent Lesnard, CNRS research director at the Observatoire sociologique du changement (OSC) at Sciences Po.

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Following the article by Jonathan Gershuny and Kimberly Fisher analyzing and comparing the evolution of time use since 1960 in some fifteen countries, published in our issue 421 (November-December 2017), Jean-Yves Boulin and Laurent Lesnard propose here a focus on the French case. Based on the Time Use Surveys conducted in 1986, 1999 and 2010, they present the evolution of time use in France since the mid-1980s, highlighting the importance of the share of constrained time (work, training, studies, domestic tasks), even if leisure time tends to increase. They also note the persistence of gender inequalities in these time constraints, even though the gaps are narrowing.

The family is often cited as one of the most important and foundational social institutions in society: it fulfills essential material and emotional needs and plays a major role in the integration of individuals into society. Although families continue to play these roles, they have undergone, as a social institution, important transformations in recent years: entry into adult life is increasingly delayed, the number of marriages per year is falling, while the number of couples who prefer a union under the Civil Solidarity Pact (Pacs) is increasing and marriage is now possible for homosexual couples. The spread of cohabitation and blended families, as well as the drop in fertility rates in several countries, also show that new family configurations are emerging. These demographic transformations have not occurred at the same time or to the same degree in all industrialized countries. These changes in the structure of families are interwoven with profound changes in contemporary societies, one of the most important of which is the increasing participation of women in the labor market, which has altered their role in the private sphere and made visible the need to reconcile paid and unpaid work. The issue of reconciliation is far from being resolved, as comparative research on time use shows. Gender inequalities persist in this area. The response of public policies to reconciliation issues is diverse and several adjustments are possible, in parallel with companies, whose intervention in the articulation between private life and work is becoming crucial. New work arrangements and what has been called the 24/7 economy are also part of the changes. The links between social change and family change are complex and often have a dialectical relationship: the integration of women into the labor market makes the articulation between family and work more complicated - a task that continues to fall mostly on them when it should also fall on men -, which in turn can influence fertility, but the fertility envisaged also shapes in turn training or employment decisions. In this introduction, we will first present an overview of the most important changes that are bringing about what we call new family configurations. We will then describe the social transformations that accompany these new configurations, especially with respect to paid work and public policies. In a final section, we will present the articles selected for this thematic issue and their relevance to understanding the change of families in contemporary societies.

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The back cover states: "Sunday has long been dedicated to attending religious services. The industrial 19th century made it a working day like any other, and it is finally the struggles for the improvement of the working conditions which pushed all the industrialized countries to take up again the tradition of the Sunday off. If today Sunday remains "a day like no other", it is clear that for the last three decades a process of deregulation of Sunday rest has been underway in France and in Europe. This book deciphers the stakes of these "Sunday battles". It aims above all at analyzing the impact of the increasing trivialization of Sunday work on the living conditions of people who work on that day, as well as on their use of time. The negative effects on their social and family life lead the authors to apprehend the question of Sunday work through the prism of its social usefulness, particularly in the light of the population's expectations.

Over the last three decades, it is clear that a process of deregulation of Sunday rest, illustrated by the Maillé (2009) and Macron (2015) laws, has tended to make Sunday work commonplace. Is this a step backwards or a modernization? What is the impact on the living and working conditions of the individuals concerned? Based on historical research and international comparisons, this book analyzes Sunday as both a temporal marker, a mirror of social changes and individual mentalities, and an object of social struggles. The authors return to these "Sunday" battles in order to show that Sunday work should only be considered in terms of its social usefulness, i.e. in terms of the population's expectations, and not in terms of ideological presuppositions. (Editor's summary).

The first part of the book describes the battles that have been fought over Sunday since it became a day of rest. It analyzes in detail the process of deregulation that Sunday rest has been undergoing for four decades, placing the developments in France in their European context. In the second part, the authors analyze the characteristics of Sunday work (who? how? under what conditions) and the impact of Sunday work on friendships, family and leisure. The third part looks at the issues at stake in the deregulation of Sunday work, showing its largely ideological character and proposing an alternative to the opening of shops on Sundays.

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This paper addresses the question of the convergence of transitions to adulthood in 20 European countries using data from the third round of the European Social Survey (2006). Pathways are derived from five events – employment, leaving-home, union formation, marriage and childbearing – retrospectively observed for men and women over 35 years old (N = 26,351), over four birth cohorts and described with optimal matching and cluster analyses. Using correspondence analysis, we find a convergence between male and female patterns in the passage to adulthood in Northern and Western Europe. Despite some convergence, the transition to adulthood in European countries remains marked by their historical family systems.

The article compares the time use of those who work on Sunday and those who do not work on that day. Working on Sundays is associated with a loss of family and friends sociability and a decrease in leisure time beyond those observed on a weekday. These losses are not fully compensated by the day of rest.

This paper addresses the question of the convergence of transitions to adulthood in 20 European countries using data from the third round of the European Social Survey (2006). Pathways are derived from five events – employment, leaving-home, union formation, marriage and childbearing – retrospectively observed for men and women over 35 years old (N = 26,351), over four birth cohorts and described with optimal matching and cluster analyses. Using correspondence analysis, we find a convergence between male and female patterns in the passage to adulthood in Northern and Western Europe. Despite some convergence, the transition to adulthood in European countries remains marked by their historical family systems.

This article addresses the question of the convergence of transitions to adulthood in 20 European countries using data from the third round of the European Social Survey (2006). Pathways are derived from five events—employment, leaving home, union formation, marriage, and childbearing—retrospectively observed for men and women >35 years old (N = 26,351), over four birth cohorts and described with optimal matching and cluster analyses. Using correspondence analysis, we find a convergence between male and female patterns in the passage to adulthood in Northern and Western Europe. Despite some convergence, the transition to adulthood in European countries remains marked by their historical family systems.

The debates on Sunday work oppose, on the one hand, the advocates of the freedom to work without constraint who put forward the gains in competitiveness of the economy and the job opportunities that would be created by opening shops on Sundays, and on the other hand, both the defenders, who are fewer and fewer in number, of a time devoted to sanctification and those who advocate maintaining a common time devoted to life in society and to the family. The former invoke the evolution of society, modes of consumption, and economic competition in a globalized world, while the latter appeal to socio-historical works, to the socio-anthropological dimension of Sunday and to the need to preserve its specificity. On both sides, little reference is made to the living and working conditions of employees who have to work on Sundays. The study carried out here on the basis of the Time Use Survey, although not a study of the impact of working on Sundays as such, makes it possible to compare the use of time by those who work on Sundays with those who do not work that day. According to the econometric estimates, working on Sundays is associated with a loss of family and friends and a reduction in leisure time that goes beyond those observed on a weekday and that are not, in general, entirely offset by the compensatory rest day. Moreover, employees who work on Sundays, i.e., who are involved in a form of atypical work, are also those who are most involved in atypical working hours on weekdays.

The debates on Sunday work oppose, on the one hand, the supporters of the freedom to work without constraint, who put forward the gains in competitiveness of the economy and the job opportunities that would be created by opening shops on Sundays, and, on the other hand, both the defenders, who are fewer and fewer in number, of a time devoted to sanctification and those who advocate maintaining a common time devoted to life in society and to the family. The former invoke the evolution of society, modes of consumption, and economic competition in a globalized world, while the latter appeal to socio-historical works, to the socio-anthropological dimension of Sunday and to the need to preserve its specificity. On both sides, little reference is made to the living and working conditions of employees who have to work on Sundays. The study carried out here on the basis of the Time Use Survey, although not a study of the impact of working on Sundays as such, makes it possible to compare the time use of those who work on Sundays and those who do not. According to the econometric estimates, working on Sundays is associated with a loss of family and friends and a reduction in leisure time that goes beyond those observed on a weekday and that are not, in general, entirely offset by the compensatory rest day. Moreover, employees who work on Sundays, i.e., who are involved in a form of atypical work, are also those who are most involved in atypical working hours on weekdays.

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More female employment, but of what quality? Using South Korean longitudinal data on labor and income from 1998 to 2008, and French longitudinal data from the European Household Panel from 1994 to 2001, a multiple correspondence analysis compares women's job insecurity in South Korea and France. It shows that the reconciliation of family and work conditions the fate of women on the labor market. A multilevel discrete-time duration model is used to test the determinants of mobility between types of precariousness, and to highlight the important effect of education and family responsibilities. A Markov chain model is used to calculate asymptotic prevalences. The Gini indexes associated with these prevalences at the time show a more egalitarian situation than that inherited from the past. The comparison between South Korea and France provides evidence that the determinants of female employment condition mobility between types of occupational precariousness, with variations from one country to another. In both countries, a degree and work experience are a means of escaping precariousness. Family load does not determine the variation in job insecurity of South Korean women as it does in France, even though it is one of the major characteristics of the insecurity of South Korean mothers. The continued participation of women in both countries in the paid labor market does not guarantee an improvement in precariousness. The mobility observed in 1998-2008 suggests an improvement in the lot of women in the labor market.

Early in the morning, late in the evening, three hours in the middle of the day and four in the late afternoon, at night, on Sundays: the working days of a growing number of French people are changing. This book draws on the large-scale time-use surveys conducted by INSEE to sketch the complex and contrasting landscape of the daily lives of today's dual-income couples. Between a growing desire for shared leisure activities and unevenly controlled external constraints, this book shows that, far from being a choice, the desynchronization of couples' working hours is very often simply the result of atypical working hours imposed on precarious employees, blue-collar workers, and service and commercial workers. The deregulation of working hours since the end of the 1970s and the new methods of work organization have weakened the family ties of couples who are also dissatisfied with their work and unstable in their jobs, to the point of rupture represented by the disarticulated family, which is no longer able to reunite as a whole. The author draws up a precise and quantified inventory of the organization of the time of bi-active couples on a daily basis and of the possible preservation of the family bond in the face of the deregulation of working hours.

This chapter is a reflection on the conditions required to use Optimal Matching (OM) in sociology. The success of OM in biology is not related to any supposed similarity of the method with biological processes, but comes from setting costs in accordance with biological theory. As sequences in sociology are made of events and time, the determination of costs should be guided by sociological theories of time. After a discussion of the sociological meaning and consequences of costs, this chapter comes back to the Dynamic Hamming Distance and the body of social theories of time (Durkheim, Elias, Bourdieu) from which it is derived as an example of how sociological theory can inform cost setting when using Optimal Matching in sociology.

This paper is a reflection on the conditions required to use Optimal Matching Analysis (OMA) in sociology. The success of OMA in biology is not related to any supposed similarity of the method with biological processes but comes from setting costs in OMA in accordance with biological theory. As sequences in sociology are made of events and time, the determination of costs should be guided by sociological theories of time. After a discussion of the sociological meaning and consequences of costs, this paper comes back on the Dynamic Hamming Distance and the body of social theories of time (Durkheim, Elias, Bourdieu) from which it is derived as an example of how sociological theory can inform cost setting in using OMA in sociology.

Background: Women, who generally do more unpaid and less paid work than men, have greater incentives to stay in marriages than cohabiting unions, which generally carry fewer legal protections for individuals that wish to dissolve their relationship. The extent to which cohabitation is institutionalized, however, is a matter of policy and varies substantially by country. The gender gap in paid and unpaid work between married and cohabiting individuals should be larger in countries where cohabitation is less institutionalized and where those in cohabiting relationships have relatively fewer legal protections should the relationship dissolve, yet few studies have explored this variation. Objective: Using time diary data from France, Italy, and the United States, we assess the time men and women devote to paid and unpaid work in cohabiting and married couples. These three countries provide a useful diversity in marital regimes for examining these expectations: France, where cohabitation is most “marriage like” and where partnerships can be registered and carry legal rights. the United States, where cohabitation is common but is short-lived and unstable and where legal protections vary across states. and Italy, where cohabitation is not common and where such unions are not legally acknowledged and less socially approved than in either France or the United States. Results: Cohabitating men’s and women’s time allocated to market and nonmarket work is generally more similar than married men and women. Our expectations about country differences are only partially borne out by the findings. Greater gender differences in the time allocated to market and nonmarket work are found in Italy relative to either France or the U.S.

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This paper is a reflection on the conditions required to use Optimal Matching Analysis (OMA) in sociology. The success of OMA in biology is not related to any supposed similarity of the method with biological processes but comes from setting costs in OMA in accordance with biological theory. As sequences in sociology are made of events and time, the determination of costs should be guided by sociological theories of time. After a discussion of the sociological meaning and consequences of costs, this paper comes back on the Dynamic Hamming Distance and the body of social theories of time (Durkheim, Elias, Bourdieu) from which it is derived as an example of how sociological theory can inform cost setting in using OMA in sociology.

This paper is a reflection on the conditions required to use Optimal Matching Analysis (OMA) in sociology. The success of OMA in biology is not related to any supposed similarity of the method with biological processes but comes from setting costs in OMA in accordance with biological theory. As sequences in sociology are made of events and time, the determination of costs should be guided by sociological theories of time. After a discussion of the sociological meaning and consequences of costs, this paper comes back on the Dynamic Hamming Distance and the body of social theories of time (Durkheim, Elias, Bourdieu) from which it is derived as an example of how sociological theory can inform cost setting in using OMA in sociology.

No summary available.

No summary available.

This thesis studies the effects of tuition fees on students in higher education. In the first part, we conduct a theoretical analysis of the motivations for tuition fees. Chapter 1 provides a critical and multidisciplinary review of the literature and identifies three motivations for introducing or increasing tuition fees (the redistributive effect, the incentive effect and the contributory effect) whose validity we question. Chapter 2 examines the theoretical conditions that make the introduction of tuition fees desirable, even though there are social classes with distinct behaviors. We show, using recent developments in behavioral economics, that the implementation of progressive fees, while it may be a fair solution from a purely theoretical point of view, raises other problems. The second part of this thesis focuses on national experiences with fee implementation. Chapter 3 highlights the contrasting nature of the results presented in the literature before drawing up a typology of institutional contexts. Two regimes appear to be coherent even if their foundations are radically different (the "liberal" and the "social democratic" regimes), while the "conservative" French regime appears to be difficult to sustain. The following three chapters offer the first study of the effects of introducing tuition fees in the French university context. We begin by looking at two aspects of efficiency related to the introduction of tuition fees: (i) a selection effect and (ii) an effort incentive effect. In chapter 4, we show that the introduction of tuition fees at Dauphine reinforces the segregation and inequality effects. In chapter 5, we extend this approach by showing, contrary to the results developed in the theoretical literature, that tuition fees do not increase the level of success and therefore the incentives to effort of students at Dauphine. Finally, in chapter 6, we discuss the possible generalization of the previous results by first analyzing the particular nature of the public at Paris 9 Dauphine University within the French university landscape. The theoretical limits to the introduction of tuition fees (Part I), confirmed empirically (Part II), lead us, in the last part of this thesis, to return to the typology constructed in Chapter 3 by discussing how the "social democratic" institutional regime could contribute to meeting the objectives of equity, efficiency and financing needs of universities in the French case. To do so, we introduce the foundations of what we call "pay-as-you-go" education and define the conditions for its equity, efficiency and capacity to finance higher education.

This study examines family formation trajectories as a manifestation of the second demographic transition (SDT) in three countries, comparing and contrasting two post-socialist countries (Romania and the Russian Federation) with France as benchmark country advanced in the SDT. By examining combined partnership and fertility sequences and transcending the mainly descriptive nature of trajectory-based studies, the current study expands our knowledge by including key explanatory factors, such as cohort, country, and educational level. Pooled data from the Gender and Generations Survey (N = 30,197) is used to engage in sequence, optimal matching (OM), cluster and multinomial logistic regression analysis. Post- Communist cohorts are significantly more likely to engage in long-term cohabitation, childbearing within cohabitation or lone parenthood. Educational level operates differently across countries, with the highly educated in Romania and the Russian Federation less likely to follow certain de-standardized paths. Non-marital cohabitation with children is associated with lower education in all countries. Strong differences emerge between the shape and stages of the SDT in Romania and Russia, with Russians having a higher probability to experience childbearing within cohabitation, opposed to Romanians who follow childless marriage patterns or adopt postponement and singlehood. The three countries differ in their advancement in the SDT and factors shaping partnering and childbearing choices. We conclude that although the SDT remains a useful construct, it needs to be supplemented with more nuanced contextual accounts of socio-economic conditions.

This thesis analyzes, with the help of the French Time Use Surveys of 1985-86 and 1998-99, the temporal balance between work and family resulting from the latest social transformations: flexibilization of working hours, massive wage-earning of women and subsequent generalization of dual-working couples. After a novel description of the temporal forms of work, carried out with the help of a variant of the optimal matching methods, and of the social inequalities that run through them, family time and the gender inequalities that affect it are revealed. Finally, it is shown that the degree of synchrony of bi-active couples is linked to their social position: the best social positions correspond to the most fusional couples but also to those who are the least temporally invested with their children. The social inequalities with respect to work schedules partially counterbalance the gender inequalities observed in the family.