FERRACCI Marc

The back cover states: "With a very low union membership rate but a high proportion of employees covered by collective agreements, France is an exception among industrialized countries. Despite the important prerogatives of the social partners, the low quality of social relations and the lack of trust between the actors lead to frequent state intervention and hinder reforms that would benefit the least employable individuals. Can we establish a cause-and-effect relationship between social dialogue and economic performance? What is the impact of union action on the productivity and profitability of companies? Do collective bargaining and social dialogue have an effect on wages, employment and the level of unemployment? This book seeks to answer all these questions, based on studies conducted in Europe and elsewhere in the world. In the light of these studies, the authors suggest ways in which the French social system could evolve. They show that it is essential to strengthen and modernize social dialogue if we want to reverse the unemployment curve in the long term.

In 2008, the French government enacted a reform that reduced the number of labor courts by one quarter. This led to significant changes in access to labor courts for many workers and employers who had to travel further to proceed with conflict litigation. We use this reform to evaluate how access to labor courts affects the labor market. Our empirical approach mainly relies on regression-adjusted conditional differences-indifferences estimations. We find that cities that experienced an increase in the distance to their associated labor court suffered from a lower growth rate of job creation (-4 percentage points), job destruction (-4.6 pp) and firm creation (-6.3 pp) between 2007 and 2012 compared to unaffected cities. We find opposite but insignificant effects for cities that experienced a fall in the distance to the labor court. These results emphasize the central role of labor courts for the good functioning of the labor market.

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The work presented in this thesis focuses on the individual returns to education and training, and seeks to identify more effective ways in which public intervention can increase these returns. The first two chapters of this work explore how returns to individual investments in education can be maximized by improving the efficiency of education and vocational training systems. The final study examines the links between human capital investment and the legal or economic environment that frames it. The first article of this thesis focuses on the effect of enrollment in a French private school in CP and CE1 on academic performance in CE2. The second chapter aims to measure the effectiveness of certification training for French job seekers on their return to employment. The last study shows the link between the flexibilization of the English labor market and access to training for employees. The analyses carried out are based on microeconometric methods which aim to identify the causal effect of the public policies studied. We thus use the instrumental variables method and the difference-in-differences method. This thesis also relies on the estimation of duration models, using the timing-of-events method or estimating a bivariate competing risks model.

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Questions of legitimacy and stability of political systems have long been studied separately from problems of implementation of law in economics. The objective of this thesis is to reconcile these different approaches in order to place the implementation of the legal norm at the center of the institutional debate. This work is broken down into five empirical or experimental investigations, each of which focuses on one of the stages of the political and judicial process.The first article focuses on the impact of constitutional rights on public spending. The second study explores the influence of self-indulgence bias on the demand for and supply of redistribution. The third work analyzes the decisions rendered by the Constitutional Council. The fourth part examines the 2008 reform of the judicial map of the Conseils de Prud'hommes. The last chapter studies the relationship between the union composition of Labor Courts and the outcomes of the litigations that are brought to them.Our analyses are based on econometric and experimental tools. They make use of classical estimation methods (OLS, GLS, Probit, Logit, Within OLS), selection models (Heckman, Triprobit), tools for endogeneity problems (2SLS) and techniques for estimating equation systems (3SLS). The experimental approach also includes commonly applied statistical tests (permutation tests, mean comparison tests, proportion tests) as well as recent methods for dealing with heterogeneity (wild clustering).

Apprenticeship greatly increases the professional integration of young people with low qualifications. On the other hand, its effectiveness is practically nil for the most highly qualified. In spite of this, work-study programs are developing mainly in higher education, to the detriment of the lowest levels of qualification. Far from allowing apprenticeship to play a role as a social elevator, its expansion in higher education reproduces and even accentuates inequalities. Public support must therefore be concentrated where it is effective and equitable, i.e. in the second cycle of secondary education. This is an essential objective in France, where 120,000 young people leave the school system each year with, at best, the brevet des collèges. To achieve this, it is necessary to change the financing of work-study programs and the governance of vocational education. This is what this book demonstrates.

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Publisher's summary: "With a very low union membership rate but a high proportion of employees covered by collective agreements, France is an exception among industrialized countries. Despite the important prerogatives of the social partners, the low quality of social relations and the lack of trust between the actors lead to frequent state intervention and hinder reforms that would benefit the least employable individuals. Can we establish a cause-and-effect relationship between social dialogue and economic performance? What is the impact of union action on the productivity and profitability of companies? Do collective bargaining and social dialogue have an effect on wages, employment and the level of unemployment? This book seeks to answer all these questions, based on studies conducted in Europe and elsewhere in the world. In the light of these studies, the authors suggest ways in which the French social system could evolve. They show that it is essential to strengthen and modernize social dialogue if we want to reverse the unemployment curve in France in the long term.

No summary available.

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This thesis proposes to evaluate the methods and organization of job seeker support within a private placement operator, the firm Sodie, in order to extract the main performance levers. In the first chapter, we analyze the theoretical and empirical effects generated by the support systems on the one hand, and by the use of outsourcing on the other. The second chapter deals with the French institutional framework of job-seeker support. We show to what extent the French public employment service meets the criteria of effectiveness set out in the previous chapter. In the third chapter, we study how the diversification of the firm's missions, and in particular the subcontracting for Pôle Emploi, has modified the work of the counsellors, but also the organization of the structure as well as its support methodologies. Chapter 4 deals with a controlled experimentation of two devices: the monthly reclassification commitments and the implementation of an Enterprise Relation platform intended to prospect the hidden job market. We measure the impact of a change in methodology on the sustainable reclassification of supported jobseekers. Chapter 5 focuses on the effects of an information shock. We show how the profiling information is used by the counselors through the impact on the selected candidates and their outplacement performance.

Adult vocational training raises many expectations in terms of securing individual career paths and company competitiveness. But who should be trained first and how? Against a certain number of preconceived ideas, this book shows that the effects of training are not always positive. For example, training does not help people get out of unemployment any faster, nor does it significantly increase the wages of those who receive it. Yet it is possible to significantly improve the effectiveness of the colossal sums of money spent on training by systematically evaluating the latter and taking advantage of international experiences. In France, we are far from this, but however technical it may seem, the question of evaluation is crucial. It would allow us to reform our system so that only those providers who bring real added value to individuals and companies remain.

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This thesis proposes both a micro and macroeconomic evaluation of training programs for the unemployed in France. It begins with a review of the literature that highlights the heterogeneity of the effects of training according to the audience, the content of the training courses, and the outcome variables considered. Chapter 3 then describes the French institutional system, whose complexity is a factor of selectivity in the process that leads job seekers to training. Chapter 4 then evaluates the impact of training on individual data by applying the propensity score matching method to data from the Fichier National des Assedic (FNA). The results indicate that the effect of training on the unemployment rate of trained individuals is strongly negative in the months following the start of the program, but then becomes slightly positive. Chapter 5 extends the analysis by estimating, using a duration model, the effect of training on the transition rates from unemployment to employment and from employment to unemployment. This approach controls for selectivity due to unobservable factors. It appears that training tends on average to increase the duration of the unemployment episode, but that it also tends to increase the duration of the job recovered. These effects are also sensitive to the duration of the training courses: longer training courses lead to longer unemployment durations, but also to longer employment durations. Finally, chapter 6 attempts to measure the equilibrium effects of an extension of training programs, using a model calibrated à la Mortensen and Pissarides [1994]. The calibration of the model exploits the results of the evaluation conducted in chapter 5, and in particular the fact that training reduces the probability of destruction of jobs occupied by previously trained individuals. In this framework, the simulations show that training, by improving the profit prospects of firms, can encourage them to open more jobs, which benefits all the unemployed, trained or not.