TANGUY Corinne

Even if this trend is not new, the COVID-19 crisis has encouraged the development of more responsible food purchases (local, organic, fair trade, without packaging, etc.). Organic products are among the big winners of this evolution in consumption (+15% of new organic consumers in 1 year), especially among young people who mention environmental protection as a key to organic consumption. The organic production method is often cited as an example of sustainable or agro-ecological production.

The objective of this article is to understand how the digitization of the economy affects the business models of SMEs in the agri-food industry. We sought to understand the characteristics and innovation skills mobilized in this context, assuming that not all SMEs will adapt to this transition in the same way. Our results suggest that while all SMEs have recourse to a wide range of innovations, the form taken by these transformations depends largely on the category of enterprise, its capacity to absorb them and its perception of the radical nature of the leap to be made. This research provides elements for understanding the diversity of business model innovations implemented by SMEs in a low-tech sector. JEL codes: L20, M2, O3.

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Faced with the various economic, social and health crises that have occurred since the end of the twentieth century, the agricultural, processing and distribution sectors have to meet numerous social, environmental and economic challenges. The entire value chain of food systems is concerned: consumers-citizens, companies, farmers, associations and decision makers (Galliano, Raynaud, 2015). New behaviors, new actions and innovations are emerging to meet these challenges of sustainability of food systems. This evolution is part of a context where, on the one hand, consumers are increasingly demanding in terms of quality, safety, traceability, sustainability of products (Murdoch et al., 2000 . Trobe 2001 . Dubuisson-Quellier 2009), but also in terms of price (Aschemann-Witzel, Zielke, 2017). On the other hand, farms and agribusinesses are actively seeking to improve competitiveness and profitability (Capitanio et al., 2009) by, among other things, having the least possible negative impact on the environment. Faced with these often conflicting demands, farmers and processing and distribution chains are forced to innovate and reorganize their operations (Bock, 2012). The central question of this booklet and the contributions collected in it is precisely how sustainability-oriented innovations encourage all actors in food systems to rethink their organizational modes and develop cross-sectoral collaborations and experiments.

Farmers' collectives provide a privileged space to support the adoption of green agronomic practices by building and sharing knowledge. However, a small proportion of farmers are formally involved in such groups. After an analysis of their contributions, with farmers who are members of technical collectives, we wonder about what helps establishing and making work a collective, through the feedback of a technical institute, on a critical project put on hold. Presented by the project promoters as the consequence of a lack of confidence from the farmers, the analysis of this failure is a source of learning. It highlights the difficulties and challenges of forming collectives, which are considered a major ingredient in transition discourse.

Summary: Agri-food systems are confronted with numerous socio-economic challenges. In this context, public policies support a transition towards more sustainable systems. They stimulate an increase in the volumes of local products in public catering. This demand from institutions and other professional clients faces several obstacles (e.g. volumes, diversity, quality consistency) that individual farmers do not necessarily have the capacity to meet. Recent initiatives such as collective platforms aim at structuring supply chains for local products. An interest in their governance is therefore becoming central to support a transition towards a more sustainable supply. This thesis aims to explore the modes of governance of collective platforms through the analysis of six case studies in the former Midi-Pyrénées region. In the wake of theoretical propositions from transaction cost economics and an analysis of the strategic positioning of platforms, the thesis proposes a new appreciation of organizational performance. In addition to explaining the organizational diversity of platforms, the analysis shows that organizational performance must be evaluated by the adequacy between governance structure and strategic positioning. The analysis shows that platforms offer weak economic incentives to member farmers. The second part of the thesis focuses on the determinants of their involvement and shows that these are mainly socio-economic and more subjective. Finally, this thesis offers recommendations to improve the organizational performance of collective platforms and provides elements for reflection for public policies that subsidize collective platforms.

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This contribution analyzes the strategies of logistic mutualization in the Burgundy wine industry. It aims to better understand the conditions that facilitate the emergence and success of these collective projects. The survey carried out with 36 companies in the sector (estates, merchants, cooperatives), five logistics activity pooling groups and six logistics service providers, has enabled us to note the importance of organized proximity and trust between actors. The partners must share the same vision of the problems to be solved and the objectives to be achieved. The presence of a "leader" in the group is also an element that enables energies to be federated around a pooling project.

Among the questions raised by the injunction to green agriculture, we seek to understand how crop rotation practices are evolving, particularly what leads farmers to insert legumes. This article explores how farmer collectives contribute to the adoption of new practices. Seventeen interviews conducted in Burgundy Franche-Comté with farmers who already include legumes in their crop rotation explored what collective work between peers brings to their exploration practices. Belonging to such groups allows farmers to regain a sense of decision-making autonomy, to pursue and achieve specific objectives, to learn and develop their knowledge, and to socialize. What stands out is the cognitive contribution of groups where knowledge is not only shared and exchanged, but also constructed. The collectives also provide moral support and are seen as facilitating tools for the development of agroecological practices.

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SSE organizations are considered as essential actors of social innovation within territories, not only by being at their origin, but also by their intermediation role coordinating different categories of stakeholders. By mobilizing the literature on innovation intermediation, this article analyzes the contributions and limitations of SSE structures in their intermediation function. We apply this analysis grid to the study of the role of a cooperative cellar in the diffusion of a social innovation concerning the transmission-takeover of wine farms in the Burgundy vineyards of the Mâconnais. We show that the cooperative fulfills its intermediation role thanks to its privileged position in the local relational network while encouraging proximity between the stakeholders. Nevertheless, its capacity to act is limited due to strategic choices, but also to changes in the local environment. These limitations emphasize the need for concerted intermediation with other public and para-public actors.

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This chapter analyzes the innovation processes and their relationship with the territorial dimension that concerns public policies, as demonstrated by the scientific literature and several recent reports on this context. The economic literature dedicated to innovative territorial systems emphasizes the fundamental role played by territory and proximity in the actors' collaborations. The coordination of actors relies on other factors besides their mere co‐location, since organized proximity refers to collective norms and common codes in terms of communication, which stabilize the system of relationships and make it possible to collaborate. In reality, there are very few examples of clusters working according to the ideal model that combines geographic proximity and organized proximity. Silicon Valley remains an emblematic example of this type of organization, but a few regions have managed to successfully replicate this model. At present, the ecological or techno‐ecological transition is significantly questioning the very foundations of the society.

This thesis proposes to analyze the relationships between the appropriation of management tools and the emergence and effectiveness of collective strategies, which have in common that they are two facets of an object specific to management sciences: collective action. We have chosen as our field of study the transaction between milk producers and industrialists in France, which is a particular transaction requiring the use of numerous management tools. The management system that frames the transaction is nowadays strongly questioned. We have approached this field from several angles: a historical approach to the system built by the actors, a case study approach to shed light on the contemporary evolution of this system, and a longitudinal observation approach to the relations between a group of producers and their buyer. We thus show that the mechanisms and strategies are embedded. A national management system is the strategic construction of representatives of the sector's actors. It constitutes the basis of rules that frame the construction of local systems. We show the back and forth between national adaptations of the system and local appropriations of the tools and the strategic designs that accompany this interrelationship. We also show that the power relationships between actors are ultimately preserved. Finally, we show that, if collective strategies emerge at a local level, they do not necessarily correspond to the initial strategic intentions: the horizontal strategic intentions of the producers' representatives, aimed at capturing value, have failed or have been transformed into emerging vertical strategies, aimed at creating value with the buyer. We give two explanations for this phenomenon: 1. the inability of producer representatives to set up a collective structure that would allow them to change the power relationship with their buyer. This is linked to the role played by the buyer in shaping and appropriating the producers' representation tools, and 2. The collective learning that takes place as a result of the appropriation of transaction management tools: this can lead to the recognition of a convergence between the interests of producers and their buyer, and to the construction of new tools to support their common strategy. Thus, management tools are both the means for implementing collective strategies and the catalyst for their emergence.

Our objective in this article is to study, based on two case studies of industries (Crémant de Bourgogne and Val de Saône vegetables), the cooperative relationships that firms establish with partners to innovate in order to create and develop a collective project. Our article thus seeks to answer the following questions: what is the capacity of firms to go beyond their individual project and contribute to the implementation of a collective project? What roles can institutions, as third-party actors, play in the construction and development of such a collective project? The mobilization of two approaches that we consider to be complementary (approach on collective strategies and analysis in terms of proximities) thus makes it possible to analyze the conditions for success in the construction of a collective project. In this context, the geographical proximity between actors is a latent resource that must be activated by organizational and institutional proximities. For this reason, the presence of a relay institution or a third party is essential for developing a collective project and ensuring its development by regulating relations between actors in a territory.

The objective of this paper is to study the supply side of the silver market, which is usually neglected by research on this topic. Adopting a systemic approach to innovation, our main goals are to identify the nature of the innovations developed, the way innovations are created, and the issues related to their emergence and diffusion. Our research is based on an empirical study of the French silver economy, which consists in an enquiry carried out in Silver Valley. The results of our study lead us to suggest a new term ‘geront’innovation’ to qualify the various forms of innovations developed to cater for the needs of elderly people. We also put forward the importance of networking and open innovation strategies. Finally, the identified barriers to emergence and diffusion as perceived by the supply side of the market lead us to suggest recommendations to support the diffusion of geront’innovations.

Innovative entrepreneur and innovative environment.

This thesis aims to contribute to the analysis of the relationship between organizational forms and environmental performance of farms. It studies the links between, on the one hand, the way in which the farm is organized and governed and, on the other hand, the set of practices that form its environmental profile. It provides a review of the economic literature on the analysis of the environmental performance of farms and its determinants. In the wake of theoretical proposals from neo-institutional economics and evolutionary economics, it proposes an analytical framework for the relationship between farm forms and environmental profiles. This framework is applied to the case of dairy farms around three complementary chapters, which combine both a quantitative approach mobilizing data from the 2010 French Agricultural Census, and a qualitative approach based on farm monographs conducted in Brazil. Thus, this thesis contributes to the empirical literature on environmental performance through its systemic and multicriteria approach of dairy farms that allows the construction of a profile of agro-environmental practices. In the analysis of the determinants of this profile, it shows the importance of a conception of the farm as a complex system with its own structure, governance and capacity to adapt, and evolving in interaction with its external environment. Finally, the thesis shows that there is no strict alignment between organizational forms and environmental performance, but that some forms of operation are more capable than others of taking into account certain agro-environmental practices.

Technological innovation is the most reliable means for rebuilding, transforming and expanding markets. The growth of companies and the emphatic globalization of markets have shown the importance of local pockets of productive resources. The geographic proximity of science, technology, industry and finance contributes to the emergence of innovations. This chapter explores the challenges for an entrepreneur when establishing themselves in a given territory. It presents the concept of an innovative milieu, as well as the proximities at play in regional innovation processes. The chapter shows that the role of the entrepreneur is crucial to the fulfillment of the opportunities and resources offered by an innovative milieu. It concludes with a discussion on the policies implemented recently in France with the intention of promoting collaboration and the development of innovation projects in territories.

SSE organizations as intermediaries of social innovation within territories: their contributions and their limits. Summer School of the Innovation Research Network.

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The adoption of the law on the energy transition for green growth and the holding of the XXIst edition of the UN Climate Conference testify to an individual and collective awareness of the impacts of human activity on the environment. This book deals with the implementation of structural transformations - the transition - that allow for the emergence of environmentally friendly socio-technical systems. The hypothesis is that the structural change of a society is analyzed through technological, societal and institutional innovations. The question of sustainable transition is studied through the analysis of two vital functions: energy and agriculture/agri-food. Innovation and Techno-Ecological Transition invites the reader to question the "classic" models of innovation and to observe the processes and blocking factors that constitute obstacles to the success of the transition.

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Although less studied than other forms of innovation, organizational innovation is an important component of business innovation, especially for those that do not belong to high-tech sectors, as is the case for agricultural and agri-food businesses. In this article, we focus more specifically on agricultural cooperatives and their innovation strategies. Three case studies allow us to show how these enterprises, which tend to focus on products with quality labels, develop innovations by relying on their network, their partnerships, and their links with their members. This implies that they have the capacity to absorb and innovate organizationally, in addition to, or even as a substitute for, technological innovations.

A great deal of work is currently being done on the relationship between the entrepreneur and the territory, the underlying hypothesis being that access to skills, knowledge, sources of financing and infrastructure is more or less easy depending on the territory. The innovative environment, defined as a set of actors (companies, institutions, etc.) located and anchored in a territory in which interactions develop in a multilateral manner, would thus constitute an environment that favors the appearance of various forms of innovation as well as the emergence of new companies. However, the role of the entrepreneur is fundamental in the realization of the opportunities and resources offered by an innovative environment. Indeed, it is the entrepreneur who takes advantage of the resources of the territory and contributes to the creation of new technologies and jobs thanks to the networks and proximity that he is able to deploy. In France, as we shall see, the policy of competitiveness clusters is presented as an incentive policy in favor of collaboration and innovation, and conducive to innovative entrepreneurship.

This article focuses on the multi-partner relationships between agrofood firms and external stakeholders to innovate, which some authors today call the Open Innovation model (Chesbrough, 2003). Based on various studies we have conducted on innovation and cooperation processes in agrofood companies, we show that innovation processes are not always “open”, as some companies prefer to develop their innovations internally. For various reasons (confidentiality, obstacles in protecting innovations, difficulties in establishing relationships in the absence of internal R&D, etc.) these firms can choose to innovate without recourse to external partners. Furthermore, we discuss the hypothesis that geographical proximity between companies and stakeholders would automatically result in a greater ability to absorb external knowledge and technologies. “Remote” cooperation is strong and organised proximity plays a key role in facilitating the cooperation. JEL Codes: D21, L20, L66, O32.

This article focuses on the multi-partner relationships between agrofood firms and external stakeholders to innovate, which some authors today call the Open Innovation model (Chesbrough, 2003). Based on various studies we have conducted on innovation and cooperation processes in agrofood companies, we show that innovation processes are not always “open”, as some companies prefer to develop their innovations internally. For various reasons (confidentiality, obstacles in protecting innovations, difficulties in establishing relationships in the absence of internal R&D, etc.) these firms can choose to innovate without recourse to external partners. Furthermore, we discuss the hypothesis that geographical proximity between companies and stakeholders would automatically result in a greater ability to absorb external knowledge and technologies. “Remote” cooperation is strong and organised proximity plays a key role in facilitating the cooperation.

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This book aims to present a systemic perspective on the techno-ecologic transition to a decarbonated society. The transition towards a low-carbon society is currently an important political, technological, economical and social issue. This transition implies a paradigmatic shift in energy production and energy consumption, in human interaction with natural resources. It questions the way of developing more sustainable technologies and the role of innovations in this process, whether technological or not. How do we go beyond the current lock-in generated by fossil energy? The ongoing progress of innovation is analyzed in the context of a number of the main societal functions, with a focus on energy and food production. However, there remains a gap between intention and action and the management of this transition will take time and will require a broad diffusion of knowledge about this topic among the relevant economic, legal and political actors. The purpose of this book is to highlight from a systemic perspective what is at stake in the current innovations.

The objective of this article is to identify how companies in the Burgundy wine industry articulate the different forms of proximity to manage their downstream logistics strategy (from the cellar to the customer) and the innovations they have implemented to solve their logistics problems. An analysis carried out, from information collected from 36 companies in Burgundy, allowed us to classify the companies in four categories according to the combination of proximities elaborated: geographical and organized proximities but also circulatory proximity which takes into account the quality and the reliability of transport.

The objective of this article is to analyze whether companies in the Burgundy wine industry promote sustainable logistics and how they implement them. The population studied is made up of three types of actors (wine growers, cooperatives, traders). We were able to group the companies into two classes in order to identify the main trends in sustainable logistics strategies. The first class includes companies that have more elaborate logistics strategies, while the second class includes smaller companies that give secondary importance to logistics issues. However, we show that other elements than size contribute to a greater consideration of sustainable development issues. Thus, small companies that have delegated certain functions outside of their core business to logistics service providers with whom they have a real relationship of proximity, that have succeeded in establishing sustainable partnerships with stakeholders and in particular customers, or that have developed innovations such as the pooling of logistics or the use of batch carriers, can also prove to be efficient from a sustainable logistics and economic performance point of view (cost reduction).

Since the work of KLINE and ROSENBERG (1986), innovation has been considered as an interactive process with interactions facilitated when they occur between actors located in proximity. Using original data, the CIS 8 innovation survey (COMMUNITY INNOVATION SURVEY, 2006-2008), our objective in this article is to analyze the propensity of agri-food companies to cooperate in order to innovate in product or process and the geography of these partnerships, without any a priori assumption of their local character. Our results show that agri-food companies cooperate consistently to innovate in process and weakly for product innovation. On the other hand, the innovation networks are mainly regional for a minority of firms, the national level seems to be privileged. Finally, having an R&D potential and belonging to a group are two major variables in the extent of the geographical scale of cooperation.

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In this paper we explore the following question: "To what extent does the size of a cooperative influence the commitment of its members and how does this commitment impact the cooperative's capacity for innovation? The literature on cooperatives highlights a commitment of cooperators based on an attachment to a territory and to values that they perceive as unique. On the other hand, the literature establishes a positive link between this commitment and factors known to promote innovation: adherence to a strategic project, identification with an organization, internal sharing of information, development of networks. We report the results of an empirical study conducted in France, on thirty cooperatives. Our results suggest that agricultural cooperatives, whatever their size, are attentive to the generation of innovations, even if the function is not always formalized, and that cooperatives emphasize the importance of the link developed with their members in the deployment of their innovations. They seek to maintain this link by offering services, and even by getting involved in strategic decision-making. However, the data collected also show a development that could jeopardize this functioning: a development of opportunistic behavior, a relativization of commitment in the face of competitive pressures and a fluctuating economic context.

Innovation, or the introduction of all kinds of novelties into the economy, became a real subject of study in the second half of the 20th century and, from the 1970s onwards, it became part of university curricula in economics, management, sociology, engineering, etc. Innovation is the intersection of three key themes: growth, technical change, and changes in the behavior and performance of firms and public organizations. This book presents the latest work in the economics and management of innovation and combines theoretical analysis with the description of various salient realities drawn from business, science, technology and institutions. It presents a broad vision of innovation based on the study of innovation actors (entrepreneurs, firms, the State, financial institutions, research laboratories, etc.), on the analysis of innovation mesosystems (networks, sectors, territories), and on the foundations of public policies for innovation. The authors deal in a didactic way, with a historical and prospective view, with the problems linked to the stakes (risks and opportunities) of the mutation of the current modes of production, consumption and organization of the economic and social activity.

With the retreat of the large Fordist firm, the 1970s highlighted the organizational efficiency of groups of small SMEs, specialized in a part of the manufacturing process of a specific product and inserted in local networks, such as the Italian districts. Different analytical currents have then insisted on the place of geographical proximity in the organization of production, and more particularly on its role in the processes of innovation and the constitution of local systems. The objective of this chapter is to review the state of the art of these approaches and to propose a critical analysis. After describing the main forms of territorial innovation systems developed in the economic literature, from districts to clusters, we will analyze in a second part the mechanisms and factors that explain the success of these systems, while relativising the role played by geographical proximity in these systems and highlighting the importance of long-distance relationships, made possible by mobility and communication techniques.

The objective of this chapter is to study how co-operatives use innovation (including its organisational and marketing components) to build their development strategies and to ensure their sustainability. We concern ourselves with the idea of putting the co-operative model back at the heart of academic discussions after a long period of doubts (Ory et al., 2006). The model, its evolution and its subsequent potential interests within the current economic context have indeed progressively come back into the spotlight in all regions of the world. To a certain extent we think this idea is legitimized by the choice of the UNO to make 2012 the year of international co-operatives. Researchers increasingly underscore in particular the specificities of the model. Indeed they become all the more evident in the context of globalization in which economic aspects outweigh social considerations (Novkovic, 2008. Shiraishi, 2009). In addition, this research addresses the roles that co-operatives have in stabilizing the economic conditions of producers (Dedieu, 2011), as well as the diversification of the model, often endangered by its own evolutions (Mazzarol, 2009). Within the collective reflection developed in this book, a special place is reserved for innovation, whether it takes the form of product, process or organisation innovation. Indeed, it is one of the main ways that co-operative businesses prepare themselves to face both current and future stakes.

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This paper seeks to analyze the main characteristics of the territorial resources of agri-food companies and sectors, in terms of support for the innovation process. We will start from the hypothesis that the key competences of the territories, their specific resources are no longer material and linked to the physical territory, but more and more immaterial and linked to the organized territory (Mendez, Mercier, 2006). It is thus the capacity of actors to cooperate within the framework of a sector or network that contributes to the creation of key competencies for a particular territory. This work is based on the exploitation of different surveys conducted in agri-food sectors: the Crémant de Bourgogne AOC sector and the vegetable sector. We will see that organizational innovation plays a central role in the dynamics of food chains, whether they are AOC or not: at the collective level, by setting up tools for regulating production; at the individual level, by making it possible to better manage relations with other firms, particularly in terms of supplies. This paper aims to analyze the main characteristics of territorial resources available for firms and food chains to support the innovation process.

With the retreat of the large Fordist firm, the 1970s highlighted the organizational efficiency of groups of small SMEs, specialized in a part of the manufacturing process of a specific product and inserted in local networks, such as the Italian districts. Different analytical currents have then insisted on the place of geographical proximity in the organization of production, and more particularly on its role in the processes of innovation and the constitution of local systems. The objective of this chapter is to review the state of the art of these approaches and to propose a critical analysis. After describing the main forms of territorial innovation systems developed in the economic literature, from districts to clusters, we will analyze in a second part the mechanisms and factors that explain the success of these systems, while relativising the role played by geographical proximity in these systems and highlighting the importance of long-distance relationships, made possible by mobility and communication techniques.

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Can rural firms be as innovative as urban firms? Three sets of factors are taken into account to understand their innovation behavior: the spatial environment and the capture of external resources . organizational choices . marketing and export strategies. We show that the innovation behavior of firms does not differ according to their location and is essentially the result of organizational strategies and market positioning.

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Innovation, or the introduction of all kinds of novelties into the economy, became a real subject of study in the second half of the 20th century and, from the 1970s onwards, it became part of university curricula in economics, management, sociology, engineering, etc. Innovation is the intersection of three key themes: growth, technical change, and changes in the behavior and performance of firms and public organizations. This book presents the latest work in the economics and management of innovation and combines theoretical analysis with the description of various salient realities drawn from business, science, technology and institutions. It presents a broad vision of innovation based on the study of innovation actors (entrepreneurs, firms, the State, financial institutions, research laboratories, etc.), on the analysis of innovation mesosystems (networks, sectors, territories), and on the foundations of public policies for innovation. The authors deal in a didactic way, with a historical and prospective view, with the problems linked to the stakes (risks and opportunities) of the mutation of the current modes of production, consumption and organization of the economic and social activity.

No summary available.

The objective of this paper is to identify the individual and collective strategies in terms of downstream logistics and the innovations implemented by the actors of the Burgundy wine industry to respond to the different challenges and logistical problems. From the data collected for 34 companies (winegrowers, cooperatives, merchants), we have constituted four classes of companies that present similarities in terms of market orientation (share of sales to the export market or the national market and share of sales through the supermarket channel), logistics strategy and innovation. This typology highlights two main company profiles. A quarter of the companies are more innovative and have implemented a more elaborate logistics strategy. These companies consider that a more elaborate logistics strategy (with the monitoring of customer satisfaction indicators, breakage rates, disputes... and the prevention of problems due to transport), will be an asset for their development and their performance. While the vast majority of companies in the sector think that their business stops "at the door of their cellars".

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The objective of this paper is to identify the individual and collective strategies in terms of downstream logistics and the innovations implemented by the actors of the Burgundy wine industry to respond to the different challenges and logistical problems. From the data collected for 34 companies (winegrowers, cooperatives, merchants), we have constituted four classes of companies that present similarities in terms of market orientation (share of sales to the export market or the national market and share of sales through the supermarket channel), logistics strategy and innovation. This typology highlights two main company profiles. A quarter of the companies are more innovative and have implemented a more elaborate logistics strategy. These companies consider that a more elaborate logistics strategy (with the monitoring of customer satisfaction indicators, breakage rates, disputes... and the prevention of problems due to transport), will be an asset for their development and their performance. While the vast majority of companies in the sector think that their business stops "at the door of their cellars".

The notion of territorial resilience is relatively recent. Its contours and analytical foundations are still largely under construction. However, as shown in the book "Mondialisation et résilience des territoires - Trajectoires, dynamiques d'acteurs et expériences", coordinated by A. Hamdouch, M.-H. Depret and C. Tanguy (Coll. Géographie contemporaine, Presses de l'Université du Québec, 2012), it already provides a useful insight into how territories (countries, regions, cities) seek to adapt (with varying degrees of success) to the effects of globalization. After putting into perspective the emergence of the issue of territorial resilience in the literature, the authors propose an approach that highlights two major forms of territorial resilience, which they describe as "static" and "dynamic" respectively. The authors thus emphasize the differentiated capacity of territories to engage in trajectories of more or less early and effective adaptation to the new technological, competitive and "normative" context brought about by globalization. The multifaceted nature of the deployment of resilience within territories is then illustrated by a series of highly varied cases of resilience trajectories analyzed in detail in the book.

In evolutionary theory, the appropriation of technology in the firm requires the acquisition of specific and partly tacit knowledge acquired through learning. The knowledge is also "memorized" in the routines and the organizational memory constituted results in the channelling of activities, and particularly innovation activities, into certain precise paths. In this perspective, the renewal of routines, or organizational learning process, is crucial insofar as it will condition the way a firm manages change and the improvement of products and processes over time. Contrary to the evolutionary approach, the modification of routines must, in our view, be considered as a process of gradual construction in the course of activities and not as an adaptation prior to the establishment of a new technological learning path. The notion of techno-organizational learning makes it possible to account for the concomitant construction of a firm's technological capabilities and organizational skills. The modification of routines during an unlearning-learning process is thus a potential source of innovation. The innovation (the resolution of a problem) in question can be organizational in the sense that it will concern the organizational components of the technology (management practices, work organization). But it can also be technical if it leads to a modification of the product design or an improvement of the process.