NICOLAI Isabelle

Serious games (SGs) seem to be an appropriate educational format for learning about industrial engineering (IE) methodologies, which involve people following a process under certain conditions to achieve collective performance. But JS design studies have several limitations to date . one of them is that both designers and IM teachers are without specific expertise in game design. This thesis aims to propose a design process adapted to JS on IM methodologies. We make five contributions. First, we propose a design language to represent the structure of a JS in a hierarchical manner. Second, we propose a generic design framework for a JS following a standard V-model and a participatory approach to progressively define, verify and validate the structure of the JS. Third, we propose a model to decompose an IM methodology into seven categories of descriptive elements, so that they can be specified as learning objectives. Seven experts were asked to use it to describe twelve IM methodologies they are familiar with. Fourth, we propose a V-model adapted for IM games, which helps explain how the descriptive elements of a given methodology can inspire each JS design object. Our fifth and final contribution is the actual development of an innovation engineering JS specifically for teaching the Radical Innovation Design (RID) methodology. Twelve design sessions were required to follow the design process of the V-model. His game scenario involves expressing and diminishing pockets of value in the context of urban mobility. The game consists of six episodes, a game board inspired by the RID process, seven decks of cards, sophisticated game mechanics, and simple two-dimensional scoring to both maximize utility for mobility users and business opportunities for one's own mobility business. We organized two validation experiments with four experienced subjects and three innovation novices. The validations showed that the game provides a playful learning experience, validating the RID game itself and, in turn, partially validating the adapted V-model. This research provides designers with a structured process that relates the design elements of the JS to the objects of the IM methodology. The complete design of a JS within an innovation engineering methodology should be replicable in other IM domains.

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This research aims to identify the current place of walking as a utilitarian active mode in MaaS solutions in the context of the French capital region. The appraisal of value creation mechanisms out of active modes represents a current challenge and a research gap to be filled to develop sustainable MaaS solutions and new business models. This study represents the first stage of a long-term research aiming to appraise the integration of active modes in MaaS solutions deployed in France. To do so, we analyze its context, characteristics, business model, and the current state of integration of pedestrian mobility they propose. A comparative analysis of the information provided for pedestrian itineraries was carried out to identify the type of information provided and the mode hierarchy in each MaaS solution. Firstly, we describe the territorial context, and the mobility dynamics present, including the modal share of active modes and a walkability index developed by the Institut Paris Region (2018). Then, we explore the institutional context of each of the entities having taken the role as MaaS operators. We identify and give an overview of their business models and policies, which directly impact the direction they decide to take with their MaaS solutions. Lastly, we start a discussion to synthesize the main findings and propose future directions for the following stages of this research. One of our research assumptions was that the mode hierarchy responds to the objectives and policies of the project carrier. This was found to be partially valid in the case of the studied MaaS solutions. This research can contribute to the scientific production emphasizing the role of MaaS solutions as catalyzers of sustainable modal shifts among specific users (Sarasini, Sochor and Arby, 2017.

The formalization of environmental issues has gained prominence since the definition of sustainable development by the Brundtland's report. Environmental performance has then been introduced to qualify the “green” contribution of an organization to its surrounding environment. However, its multi-dimensional aspects can be problematic when designing projects and making decisions, especially in the infrastructure sector where industrial activities are the most polluting ones. The aim of the study is to fill the environmental gap and confusion for decision-makers on the understanding of environmental performance, as well as to communicate on it, to define and share a clear vision and targets. A literature review is conducted and confronted with an industrial example in the railway sector to analyze the existing misunderstandings in industries while approaching environmental issues. By proposing and setting a clear framework of environmental performance, this research contributes to the conceptualization of environmental performance. More precisely, it characterizes an environmentally performant design project, in order to consider environmental performance as a driver and catalyzer of value creation.

The construction industry is claimed to be the most lethal economic sector. Despite efforts to include safety as a relevant indicator, managers are still trying to figure out which organizational buttons they need to push to unleash safety performance. To investigate this problem, we draw from performance measurement lens to develop a systematic literature review aided by VOSviewer and to localize safety performance measurement papers within organizational levels. We have found that safety studies are localized in the individual and micro-organizational levels, lacking a connection with macro-organizational level, and firm’s organizational performance. We then underpin further investigation on this subject to allow better integration of safety into company’s management system and adjacent performance measurements. By doing so we aim to push future studies on this field to conceive safety as a source of organizational performance.

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The concept of Responsible Innovation holds that any innovation should take into account the balance of economic, ethical, social and sustainable aspects throughout the entire project in a manner that shows care for the future being constructed. However, as this concept is recent, originates in the context of the European Union and addresses issues of the Global North, critics have called for improvements in the way the concept is formulated. This article aims to establish a broader perspective to support the development of the concept of Responsible Innovation, which means discussing its main premises to highlight its critical aspects related to contextual terms, supporting a view to adapt it for use in different countries under various requirements and circumstances, thus facilitating its implementation on the path to innovation. Thus, an integrative review was developed. From an analysis of articles chosen based on research criteria, a useful theoretical framework was formed to fill the gaps in Responsible Innovation , comparing its perspectives to a traditional innovation, establishing a concept capable of yielding the expected benefits.

Scenario planning methods tend to work at an aggregate level and to consider homogeneous populations, thus levelling the variable effects of future developments on different social groups. Decision-making based on such scenarios bears the risk of missing undesired impacts on specific groups of people, which may cause social tensions or require costly countermeasures. New approaches are needed to provide a better basis for socially responsible planning by making clearer the complex social impacts of future scenarios. In marketing and user-centered design, persona models are developed to represent typologies of users to cover a broad range of needs and requirements. We propose a systematic method, called the Scenario Personarrative method, for combining scenario thinking and personas into a structured but nonetheless flexible process, which allows generating fine-grained individualized narratives. We describe a pilot application in a case study on urban mobility. This pilot used existing scenarios and focused on a two-hour workshop where twelve experts created personas and the associated narratives across three scenarios of urban mobility in 2030. This pilot shows the applicability of the method for making potential effects on different social groups more tangible. We propose ways forward for further evaluation of the proposed methodology.

The concept of mobility as a service (MaaS) has become widespread in Western countries and has become a concrete market option, presenting a transport system offer based not on ownership but on use. This puts the user at the center of urban mobility issues, so consumers must be open to the adoption of new technologies, such as autonomous vehicles. This thesis aims to analyze the concept of MaaS to identify the conditions for its implementation and diffusion in tomorrow's urban mobility. We found that in order to take a sustainable place in the urban mobility system, MaaS must be considered as a modular and adaptable business model, applicable to all socio-political, regulatory, environmental and economic contexts. To do so, the business model of this innovative ecosystem must take into account the acceptance of consumers, the coordination of the multiple actors constituting the value chain within a MaaS and the existing transport systems with their development of technological innovations (autonomous vehicle).

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Considering the AVs as an emerging innovation, as well as its adjacencies in terms of impacts, this paper aims to discuss critical aspects that influence the governance model for insertion of AVs in a national context. With this intent, is essential to consider multiple actors that are involved in this context. In this sense we adopt the Quadruple Helix Model as a theoretical lens. The adopted research design is characterized as a theoretical essay. The intention is that the reflections about AVs and governance culminate in an integrative discussion that answers the proposed research question, pointing out theoretical contributions as well as practices, that benefit the field from a new sight on the existing perspectives. The possible and imminent arrival of autonomous vehicles brings to light discussions and challenges in several areas, challenging traditional governance structures. Thus, we defend that actions of the helix must be aligned to direct efforts to provide a robust governance structure to meet the needs for AV deployment and, in the macro level, the development of society (customer-centered).

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This paper seeks to map and discuss the innovation context of Brazil and France, using for this the Innovation Radar’s framework. Fundamentally, it seeks to address the gap between the development of AVs, the differences between two national contexts, and the lack of specific knowledge about how to manage disruptive innovation in countries. The adopted research design was based on a qualitative approach and characterized as exploratory-descriptive. As for the research development, the case study was used as method and questionnaires was used as data sources. The results obtained in Brazil and in France were crossed with official data and statistics as a way to validate the use of the Innovation Radar. France has better metrics in all the dimensions when comparing to Brazil. This is not a surprising outcome, being corroborated by studies and reports that seek to map the macroeconomic, political, and social conditions of these countries. On the other hand, we must ponder the Brazilian importance and influence in international automotive scenario.

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This paper focuses on the role that eco-innovations can play in competitiveness, especially for the European economy and companies. The first part of the paper highlights the major emerging international trends in eco-innovations, in order to identify the levers to increase their performance. Then, a prospective vision of what will be the most likely eco-innovations in the medium and long term allows us to understand the place of the different countries in their development as well as their main markets and challenges. Finally, we identify the pitfalls to be avoided and the precautions to be taken to ensure that eco-innovation is not only guided by economic considerations, but also by the principles of equity and societal acceptability that underpin sustainable development.

In a smart city, urban and transport planning should be co-conducted harmoniously in order to create a new transit-supportive city. After defining our vision of smart mobility, we will present and analyse the links between the transport system, disruptive innovation, and the role of public policies in change management. We focus on the way to organise the co-conception of smart mobility, defined as a disruptive eco-innovation, in a local territory. The development and diffusion of innovations within the mobility ecosystem significantly disrupt usages and modify market boundaries. Implementation conditions to achieve a widespread adoption of smart mobility are discussed and the role and decision-making methods of territorial actors are considered.

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In this article we seek to elaborate various sustainable mobility scenarios depending on heterogeneous geographical contexts. We use a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) to assess 50 mobility offers, relying on an original two-step assessment method. In a first step, we use the diviz decision-aid tool to obtain a global score for every offer, on the basis of 18 criteria that cover the three domains of sustainable development: economics, environment, society. In a second step, we use the MICMAC decision-aid tool to build relationships of influence and dependency between the 18 criteria. For each type of territory, we state what could be a development scenario for the future of mobility. Ultimately, an innovative hybrid mobility solution relies on the strengths and levers of the offers that were assessed, in response to the mobility scenario. We identify relevant solutions for dense and low-dense areas: in particular, carpooling offers reach particular efficiency in low-dense areas, combined with walking practices. Such combinations should be assisted by reliable multimodal mobility applications.

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This paper presents a scientometric and bibliometric review of the research on autonomous vehicles (AVs) to identify its main characteristics, evolution, and potential trends for future studies. Relevant articles were searched on WoS, yielding a research corpus of 10,580 papers, and the software CiteSpace was subsequently used for analysis. The results showed that AV research is heterogeneous and registered a growing demand over time. Multidisciplinarity is present, with 96 science fields being identified. As in any other sector, it is necessary to understand broader aspects of this industry such as the market factors surrounding it, as well as other economic and managerial issues. In this sense, we observed a migration of the research field from multidisciplinarity to pluridisciplinarity with a greater number of studies focusing on the latter. We understand that terminology standardisation contributes to achieving pluridisciplinarity. As such, it is important to highlight that sustainability, public policies, liability, and safety, as well as business issues such as performance and business models are some of the tendencies in the field of AVs. For future studies, we suggest a more in-depth analysis of publications in terms of individual search terms, as well as the sub-areas identified as trends in this paper.

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The objective of this research is to understand the mechanisms that led to the legitimization of a family business in an innovative market, that of electric mobility. First, in the literature review, we highlighted the link between family business / innovation / legitimacy, the question of the legitimization of the family business in an innovative sector being little addressed in the literature. We then turned to the method of grounded theory integrated with critical realism. The analysis of the Lorbeer firm allowed us to study in depth the effects of social capital and familiarity in an innovative sector. Through the emergence of a "grounded theory", we have uncovered a process of legitimization through the accumulation of resources, structured around the development of family social capital and in line with the model of profit-sharing developed by Akrich, Callon and Latour (1988).

Editorial of the special issue International Journal of Sustainable Development, 20(1), 2017.

Building a multimodal information platform constitutes a disruptive innovation, which can enhance the use of sustainable travel modes and reduce the negative externalities of car use. This eco-innovation will change the structures of the market and induce changes in behaviour. From a web-based survey conducted in the Plateau de Saclay - an area located 20 km south of Paris, very affected by congestion - travellers' willingness to pay (WTP) for such a platform was investigated. In particular, a multinomial logit with unobserved heterogeneity in general WTP was estimated to determine marginal WTP for the potential services that could be provided by the platform. The results show that the price of access to the information platform and its various services is an important variable but cannot be considered the only determinant of the intention to use it. We present a new research model of user acceptance of an eco-innovation. Based on a use behaviour analysis, we highlight several aspects to consider such as the facilitating conditions and moderator variables, the performance expectancy of the platform measured in spheres of activity and travel time, effort expectancy and social influence.

This paper aims at characterizing the Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) research field in the areas of management and business in its bibliometric context. identifying strategies, practices and management tools specified in the scope of the investigated publications. summarizing existing evidence, pointing to gaps within this study area. Methodologically, the research is characterized as qualitative and descriptive, drawn by a bibliometric review on the databases. ISI Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct, followed by a systematic integrative bibliographic review. All the titles and abstracts of the identified articles were analyzed allowing for a research refinement, adopting the exclusion criteria for. a) duplicates. b) not obtained references. and c) misaligned references. The main results pointed out that, in the near future AVs will certainly be inserted in our society, however the way in which this innovation might be established is still surrounded by uncertainties, impacting directly on governments' lack of planning for such arrival (Guerra, 2016). The absence of work related to the business area can be a driving factor, considering that business models plays an extremely important role in the events that precede the AVs' advancement (Yun et al., 2016). Nevertheless, among the analyzed papers, a studies' trend is highlighted, especially in European countries (e. g. U.K. and Germany), related to AVs' business model of " car-sharing " (Zakharenko, 2016. Geldmacher, 2016). presenting such as a great substitute for traditional transportation models (cars, taxis and buses) (Enoch, 2015). In this way, it was observed a study gap related to business models and platforms, radical and responsible innovation theories, in order to minimize the risks, impacts and uncertainties of the eminent arrival of AVs and provide the necessary tools to guide governmental and organizational spheres.

This paper aims at identifying the adherences of the propositions of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) over Traditional Vehicles (TradVs) by using the theoretical models of the blue ocean's strategy four-action framework and value curve (Kim & Mauborgne, 2005) and disruptive innovation (Christensen, 1997). Specifically, it aims at drawing new value curves for AVs over TradVs when considering AVs as a service and as a product. As for methodology, this study is classified as qualitative, empirical and descriptive with data collection via open questionnaires with AVs specialists in France, Belgium and Brazil and analyzed by content analysis (Bardin, 2010). The results point to the arrival of a " new " vehicle concept that includes: different ownership forms. free time for users (no driving required). " infotainment " . social integration of elder and handicapped people. in all, factors that will cause the extinction of some markets and creation of others. The AVs' value curves present different characteristics when compared to TradVs', in a sense that the main elements to be reduced are: human intervention. ownership. related services and accidents. The elements to be eliminated (in higher automation levels) are: car components like steering-wheel and pedals. rear-view mirrors. driver's license need. driver's liability as well as the fact that driving sensations and driver's control over the vehicle tend to disappear. It is also discussed about the vehicle's business environment and related services that might fade away, such as: car dealerships, driving schools and gas stations. On the other hand, aspects such as: comfort, relaxation, driving fluidity and timing efficiency will be raised as well as there will be seen the creation of a new use of the time, reconfiguration of the design and the mobility for other audiences.

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Green growth is about truly sustainable development in its economic, societal and ecological dimensions. From this perspective, we address the link between the fight against climate change and economic competitiveness, particularly for Morocco, and then the conditions required for this green growth to follow a sustainable development path. This analysis of innovation for sustainable development (or eco-innovation) in Morocco is conducted by examining the challenges of the smart city. We recall that Morocco has understood that the fight against climate change represents a serious opportunity to position itself on a green growth trajectory. We question the stakes of these eco-innovations and their consequences in terms of employment and social entrepreneurship in Morocco.

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In this article, we seek to identify the brakes and levers on the behavior of car owners in order to encourage them to use more virtuous modes of travel on a regular basis: public transport, soft modes, and all the emerging mobility solutions: carpooling, carsharing, on-demand transport, etc. Because of their cost and their often irreversible effects, mobility policies must be evaluated in order to help decision-making. We use a multi-actor, multi-criteria analysis method to consider a maximum of impacts of mobility projects and to ensure that the issues of the various stakeholders are explicitly taken into account: users, historical actors, new entrants, public actors. We deploy an original two-phase evaluation method of existing or emerging mobility solutions. In the end, a combinatorial mobility solution will be developed that will bring innovation and will be based on the strengths of pre-identified unique solutions.

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Studying the relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and the environment is crucial in the policy proposal process. Except, the question that arises, what is the use of proposing actions, strategies and policies that are not practiced by the consumer. For that, our reflection was articulated in three axes within this thesis by starting to study the relation between the consumption of energy and the economic growth by taking into account the price of oil, in first axis. Then, we studied this relationship but this time by integrating the environmental side via CO2 emissions to take into consideration the environmental effects due to energy consumption which followed the rhythm imposed by the acceleration of economic growth. Hence, the interest of energy and environmental policies aimed at reducing energy demand and protecting the environment. The citizen as an actor of RSA must have an awareness of SD through several actions such as education and training on the one hand and the provision of information to the public from children to youth to adults. However, the lack of awareness led to a misunderstanding of the action programs and therefore a practical problem. Otherwise, the success of these actions in Tunisia requires an awareness combined with the participation of other actors. For these reasons, the last part was devoted to the study of awareness among students and teachers. According to the results, students and teachers are little (or sometimes not at all) informed about the control and protection of the environment. Therefore, the implementation of training and awareness programs is seen necessary within academic institutions and all educational institutions, and RSA actors in general. Nevertheless, these actors should not act out of obligation but rather they should be convinced of the strategic interest of the country's energy and environmental policies.

Purpose This paper aims to identify and to characterize the current evolution of “sustainable mobility” solutions. After considering this trend as an expression of eco-innovation, the authors look at the impacts of the emerging business models for the introduction of these eco-innovations, on the wider “eco-system” of mobility. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses both an abductive as well as a inductive approach of responsible innovation. To assume contextualization of responsible innovation, the authors choose eco-innovation in the mobility sector that impacts as much on business models as on industrial organizations and as a global value chain. Findings Eco-mobility is defined as a disruptive innovation that must be understood as a responsible innovation. The importance of social and institutional dimensions defining acceptance and uptake of the innovation is integrated in innovation characterization. Modifying the perception of eco-innovation, the e-mobility business model has to be reinvented. Doing this, impacts on global value chain of the mobility sector organization have to be analysed. Research limitations/implications If the academic literature proposes a satisfactory analysis of the determinants of eco-innovation, the presentation of the “smart mobility” ecosystem as an open and shared innovation remains limited, compared with the question of value creation. The business models which are at present under development will deepen these questions. Practical implications This paper discusses inputs for decision-makers in climate change policy and insights for reorganization of the global value chain in the car manufacturing sector. Social implications This paper presents solutions to reduce the negative externalities (social and environmental) of the car manufacturing sector with good possibilities of mobility, inputs to accelerate new markets and new jobs in mobility sector and adequation of mobility services to social demand. Originality/value Mixed analyses of sustainable development economics, innovation economics and organization management, and elements to build new business models in eco-mobility as a first step for the question of the adequate business models for “Smart Cities” – an application sector of functionality or service economy – have been presented.

By enabling the use of multimodal information by travelers, public policy can improve the use of soft travel modes and reduce the negative externalities of car use. However, such an eco-innovative multimodal information platform might only be efficient if travelers are willing to use it and pay for its development and update. To evaluate the relevance of the creation of a multimodal platform in the Plateau de Saclay – an area located 20 km south of Paris, very concerned by congestion – this paper measures workers' willingness to pay (WTP) for such a platform from a survey conducted in this area. A mixed logit is estimated to determine marginal WTP for the services that could potentially be provided by the platform. The willingness to pay for the multimodal platform is found to depend on the provision of real-time information and on gender-specific motives.

By enabling the use of multimodal information by travelers, public policy can improve the use of soft travel modes and reduce the negative externalities of car use. However, such an eco-innovative multimodal information platform might only be efficient if travelers are willing to use it and pay for its development and update. To evaluate the relevance of the creation of a multimodal platform in the Plateau de Saclay – an area located 20 km south of Paris, very concerned by congestion – this paper measures workers' willingness to pay (WTP) for such a platform from a survey conducted in this area. A multinomial logit with unobserved heterogeneity is estimated to determine marginal WTP for the services that could potentially be provided by the platform. The respective effects of risk aversion and value of travel time on this marginal WTP are also investigated. Some gender differences in the evaluation of the platform and its trip planning are also apparent: men's WTP increases with their value of travel time and decreases with their risk aversion while women's WTP is mainly influenced by the constraints they may face when commuting.

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Purpose: Companies face increasing pressure from stakeholders to play a leading role in addressing a wide array of environmental, social, and governance issues. What are the relevant and responsible contributions that corporations are expected to provide in support of defining solutions to sustainability issues? This paper shows how corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a negotiation process to help corporations manage uncertainties through collaborative work and alignment with stakeholders. From that angle, CSR is a process that generates standard and acceptable business practices. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses both an adductive as well as an interpretative approach of CSR and looks at CSR as a collaborative process that builds rules and norms. Findings: CSR is defined as a contractual process between stakeholders in order to drive decision making processes and agree on commitments between business and society. Interestingly, all studied examples depict the development of standard and acceptable business practices with very little involvement of stakeholders, which is not the understood way of driving changes to business strategy as defined by the CSR negotiation processes. Practical implications: A framework is presented linking CSR business practices research findings to empirical market isomorphism. The paper is of practical relevance for management practitioners. The limitations of recent research are also discussed. Originality/value: Our examples show that CSR is no more than the achievements of fragmented initiatives led by companies showing limited transparency toward external stakeholders. There is no overall coordination. The paper is original in its recommendation that public authorities play a strategic role showing clear direction, and establish themselves as a strategic platform enabling more engagement between stakeholders.

Purpose: Companies face increasing pressure from stakeholders to play a leading role in addressing a wide array of environmental, social, and governance issues. What are the relevant and responsible contributions that corporations are expected to provide in support of defining solutions to sustainability issues? This paper shows how corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a negotiation process to help corporations manage uncertainties through collaborative work and alignment with stakeholders. From that angle, CSR is a process that generates standard and acceptable business practices. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses both an adductive as well as an interpretative approach of CSR and looks at CSR as a collaborative process that builds rules and norms. Findings: CSR is defined as a contractual process between stakeholders in order to drive decision making processes and agree on commitments between business and society. Interestingly, all studied examples depict the development of standard and acceptable business practices with very little involvement of stakeholders, which is not the understood way of driving changes to business strategy as defined by the CSR negotiation processes. Practical implications: A framework is presented linking CSR business practices research findings to empirical market isomorphism. The paper is of practical relevance for management practitioners. The limitations of recent research are also discussed. Originality/value: Our examples show that CSR is no more than the achievements of fragmented initiatives led by companies showing limited transparency toward external stakeholders. There is no overall coordination. The paper is original in its recommendation that public authorities play a strategic role showing clear direction, and establish themselves as a strategic platform enabling more engagement between stakeholders.

While tourism has definite economic advantages for developing countries (economic wealth created, jobs generated), it is also the source of many environmental, social and societal problems. The problem of concretizing the concept of sustainable tourism constitutes the major challenge for the development of developing countries. The implementation of the principles of sustainable tourism is hampered by the conflicts of interest of the different stakeholders. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the stakes carried by the various stakeholders of the territorial strategies of sustainable tourism and to propose participative methods of decisional choices aiming at ensuring the construction of the sustainability of a territory. The piloting of this participative strategy of sustainable tourism is experimented on the territory of the city of Rabat, in Morocco.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the influence of sustainable development on risk management in the company from the perspective of its social responsibility. In the abundant literature on this topic, a distinction is made between the utilitarian conception and the deontological conception, which can complement each other to shed light on risk management in relation to CSR. The analysis of the literature then focused on the determinants of modern risk management, with the importance of coordination in the reliability of organizations. In this perspective, particular attention was paid to Weick's work highlighting the notion of culture and the interrelations between actors as determinants of reliability. The light of the economy of conventions allows us to conceive the integration of sustainable development as a transformation of the conventions constituting the company, of the representations of its actors, and not only of the rules of the company, operating at the level of the sphere of actions. This leads to the mobilization of the theory of social representations (Moscovici, Vergès, etc.) in an instrumental perspective in conjunction with Boltanski and Thévenot's economies of magnitude in order to render intelligible the forms of overcoming conflicts of interest that define a common good and allow for the establishment of stable coordination modalities.We have chosen as our field of study a company belonging to the construction sector, a subsidiary of a French group, located in the three regions of Aquitaine, Midi-Pyrénées and Languedoc-Roussillon, with approximately 3600 employees at the time of the study. Our empirical research approach is based on a method combining a qualitative and quantitative approach in order to strengthen the validity of the research. An analysis of the social representations carried out from a survey by questionnaire, and face to face interviews with some members of the staff, the work allows to propose an original grid of reading of the contributions of a strategy of sustainable development to the control of the risks, beyond the implementation of traditional management systems. Our work brings a contribution to the analysis of the forms of appeasement of the conflicts to which the sustainable development can contribute as regards management of the societal risks. We highlight elements of understanding the influence of the integration of sustainable development on the coordination of actors facing risks.

The paradox of productivity can be interpreted as the time lag between the installation of an innovation and its profitability. The innovation process must be described as a process inscribed in the time of construction and then of use of a productive capacity. The investment commitments made must then be represented by irreversible decisions confronted with a specific problem of cost recovery. The justification of the microfoundations must be preceded by an analysis of the commitment mechanisms of the innovation process. This thesis will focus on the description of the firm's commitment process in the face of multiple and progressive constraints linked to the nature of the innovation process: irreversibility, high uncertainty, cumulative commitments, intertemporal complementarity of factors, and coherence of agents' plans. The results show the existence of an irreversibility effect that only increases the discrepancy between revenues and expenditures. This is explained by the existence of the production detour set up by the firm during the construction of the innovation process. The firm must then organize and coordinate this production detour. The strategies of choice put in place by the firm, to this end, are centered on the role of market connections, and on the construction of a competition that proceeds from a "trial and error" discovery.