BALAGUE Christine

Background: The impact of mobile technologies and applications on the caregiver-patient relationship and the perception of health care professionals working with adolescents with type 1 diabetes is not well addressed in the literature. The objective of this study is to present the point of view of health professionals concerning the effects on the caregiver-caregiver relationship of the use of a TPE mobile application with adolescents with diabetes. Method: We used a qualitative study design to conduct semi-structured interviews with 14 healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses, dieticians, psychologists). These interviews were recorded and transcribed ad verbatim, then analyzed using an inductive method. Results: The analysis of the interviews revealed three themes: 1) the applications promote the construction and strengthening of the caregiver-patient relationship, 2) the awareness and consideration of the risk that digitalization can have on the relationship, 3) the important process of integrating digital technology while preserving the relationship. Discussion: The results contribute to a more general reflection on the risk of dehumanization of care linked to the digitization of care practices and management. The perspective of the health professionals converges with that of the patients described in the literature, especially concerning the improvement of communication and shared decision making. Consequently, the digitalization of TVE through the use of mobile applications seems compatible with the preservation of the human relationship essential to care.

In April 2021, the European Commission released a proposal to regulate the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the European market. The approach of this report is to put the provisions of the proposal into perspective based on an empirical knowledge of AI incidents identified in recent years. To do so, we will rely on a database of 567 ethical incidents related to AI that took place between 2010 and 2021. This database is based on the work of Charles Pownall and the Artificial Intelligence Incident Database (AIID), to which several metrics have been added to refine the analysis of the European text. By comparing the provisions of the text with empirically observed cases in Europe and elsewhere in the world, the goal is to determine whether the proposal is in line with the real practices of AI actors and to what extent they can be improved.

In recent years, the advertising industry has been forced to transform itself and has taken a relatively new approach to accountability. The societal impact of digital advertising is based on several points of tension such as algorithms, the concept of privacy, digital advertising formats and the ecological impact of advertising. The scope of these issues raises questions and underlines the importance of a responsible practice of digital advertising. Such responsibility is emerging among some digital advertising players and the industry's self-regulation dynamic can now bring existing initiatives to the forefront to enable them to play a leading role in transforming the industry's practices. The objective of this report is to review the dynamics of the digital advertising ecosystem, to update the historical and emerging controversies around the role and impact of advertising, and to establish an overview of existing responsible practices and recommendations on this subject. A series of about twenty interviews with responsible digital advertising players (agencies, ad agencies, AdTech companies, platforms, self-regulatory players, associations and researchers), feeds this report and also allows us to raise the emerging issues of responsible digital advertising to propose a more in-depth analysis.

In recent years, connected objects have gained increasing interest as part of the consumerization of ICT, influencing our daily lives. Nevertheless, the digitization of physical objects offers an abundance of seemingly similar objects but characterized by certain attributes that consumers fail to notice and appropriate. Due to the disengagement phenomenon, consumers need a tool to guide them in choosing the most appropriable connected object to meet their needs. This research aims to better understand connected objects by proposing a taxonomy based on levels of experience enhancement and relevance to actual uses as appropriate. This user-centric taxonomy has allowed us to formulate recommendations to the market players of connected objects for the general public, specific to each category of connected objects.

This cross-sectional descriptive study aims to (1) describe the current digital technology (DT) use of people with chronic diseases (CD) by identifying different user profiles and (2) determine whether those profiles have specific characteristics regarding health-related variables and patient–doctor relationship quality (RQ). An online questionnaire assessing the uses of multiple types of DT (the Internet, mobile applications and connected devices) and several dimensions related to health and patient–doctor RQ was completed by 954 individuals living with CD. DT user groups were obtained by k-means cluster analysis and then compared using Mann–Whitney tests. The results show three profiles of DT users: (1) hyperconnected (8.9%, regular users of all DTs), (2) biconnected (19.1%, regular users of the Internet and mobile apps) and (3) hypoconnected (72%, casual users of the Internet only). The hyperconnected and biconnected groups are more empowered, more knowledgeable about their treatment and more committed to their doctors than the hypoconnected group. Nonadherence to treatment, health motivations, self-efficacy for health management and the trust dimension of the patient–doctor RQ did not differ between groups. We conclude by discussing the low use of the most recent technologies in the CD population, although these technologies seem to provide access to health information that empowers patients and leads to a better relationship with their doctors.

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Context: Endometriosis is a chronic disease that affects approximately 10% of menstruating women. The symptoms, which are little known and often poorly identified, are expressed mainly by pain and/or disturbances in the frequency, duration or flow of menstrual cycles. It generally takes 5 to 8 years from onset to diagnosis, and the effectiveness of treatments varies from one woman to another and over time. The psychosocial impact is significant (depression, anxiety, degraded quality of life, feelings of isolation) and the difficulty of finding understanding and informed social support for the disease is often reported by these women. Digital technologies, in particular by offering the possibility of access to communities of patients, would make it possible to meet this need. However, no study has taken a quantitative approach to the use of digital technologies and their effects on the health behaviors of women with endometriosis. The first objective of our study is therefore to describe the use of digital technologies in this population. The second objective is to identify whether users determine the levels of health-related variables and the quality of the relationship with the doctor. Method: 213 women completed an online questionnaire measuring: 1) Internet use (frequency, sites consulted, information sought), mobile applications and connected health objects. 2) several health variables (motivation, sense of self-efficacy, empowerment) . 3) the quality of the patient-physician relationship and 4) their perception of the benefits and limitations of digital technologies. Statistics and structural equation models will be performed. Expected results and outcomes: This study will provide a better understanding of the uses of digital technologies by women with endometriosis and the links with their health and relationship with their doctor. More specifically, the results will allow us to describe how different types of digital technology may or may not be beneficial to these women and at what stages of the care process.

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This research aims at exploring the IoT devices appropriation process from a consumer's perspective. Using qualitative interviews with smart watch consumers, it identifies four different stages of the appropriation process: symbolic appropriation, exploration, use construction and stabilization. Through the DIVA framework, the results show that the appropriation process is a dynamic phenomenon relying on both specific interactions and value type, linked to the IoT device's characteristics. This research gives a better understanding of the IoT device consumers' appropriation process, enabling companies to identify variables for actions to improve it.

In 15 years, Web 2.0 has radically transformed our way of working, consuming, selling, communicating... Technologies (mobile and tablet, 3G or 4G, social media, big data, AI, etc.) have upset our spheres of life and our relationship with individuals, information, objects... 57 pioneers propose to explore retrospectively the consequences of the digital world on our society (economic, political, legal, cultural...). The goal: to imagine 7 ways of re-enchantment for a healthier and more responsible digital future in the face of the domination of the Internet giants, GAFA and BATX. The voice of 57 pioneers: Farid Arab.

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Technological innovations in the health sector are making considerable progress, but the development of connected objects, robots or algorithms using increasingly complex machine learning methodologies is a source of major societal impacts. What are the ethical stakes of a medicine based on artificial intelligence technologies? How can we rethink the human being at the heart of e-health? How to design responsible and ethical technologies? What are the current currents of thought and the actions taken to think about a responsible medicine of the future?

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Background: With digital technologies (Internet, mobile app and Internet of Things) becoming widely available over the past decades, concerns have been raised that health outcomes and patient-doctor relationship may be affected by the ease to access to health information. This study aims to investigate those uestions in a population of individuals living with chronic diseases. Method: 954 participant completed an on-line questionnaire measuring their uses of Internet, mobile applications and connected devices, their levels on several health outcomes (health motivation, self-efficacy, empowerment, health-related quality of life) and their quality of patient-doctor relationship. The perceived benefits and limits of the digital technologies on those outcomes were also assessed. Cluster analysis were performed to identify different types of digital technologies users among chronic diseases patients. Groups were then compared on health outcomes and patient-doctor relationship. Results: There are three profiles of digital users in chronic patients population: 1)hyperconnected (8,9% of the total sample, regular users of all digital technologies), 2)biconnected.(19,3%, regular users of the Internet and app, no users of connected devices), 3) hypoconnected (71,8%, casual user of the Internet only). Comparison showed that the more connected people are, the more they perceive benefits of digital technologies on their health despite no differences between the three groups on most health outcomes. Furthermore, hyper- and bi-connected patients are more empowered and also are more engaged in the relationship with their doctor. Discussion: Digital technologies effectively transform patients toward empowerment that is an ally for strengthening the patient-doctor relationship.

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According to Hoffman & Novak (2018), consumer connected objects that pave the way for new usage experiences, have the potential to revolutionize consumers' lives in the years to come. The main challenge of connected objects lies in integrating their use into consumers' daily practices by actively generating usage data over the long term, namely ownership. This research validated the explanatory model of consumer connected object appropriation through the psychological needs of French consumers with respect to their owned connected objects. Our results show that the appropriation of the connected object is strongly correlated to the need for self-identity, the need to have a territory as well as the need for efficiency and effectance. And the appropriation of the connected object can have a positive impact on consumers' perception of the overall value of the connected object, consumers' extra-role behaviors, as well as the satisfaction of their daily life. Furthermore, the mediating role of extra-role behaviors in the relationship between appropriation and perceived value allows us to refine the understanding of value co-creation mechanisms from the consumer's perspective. It teaches us in a complementary way how the appropriation of the connected object contributes to the creation of value by consumers.

How to regulate big tech?

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Animation in the form of a court where a president, prosecutors, lawyers, witnesses, experts, specialists are directly involved - public participation and voting on the verdict.

Impacts of the working environments transformation on the society, and conversely, of the societal considerations on the companies' business models. - Humanity at the heart of the digital transformation: cultural scaling is a key to digital scaling. - Remodeling initial and professional training for the "digital for all".

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Most of product recommender systems in marketing are based on artificial intelligence algorithms using machine learning or deep learning techniques. One of the current challenges for companies is to avoid negative effects of these product recommender systems on customers (or prospects), such as unfairness, biais, discrimination, opacity, encapsulated opinion in the implemented recommender systems algorithms. This research focuses on the fairness challenge. We first make a literature review on the importance and challenges of using ethical algorithms. Second, we define the fairness concept and present the reasons why it is important for companies to address this issue in marketing. Third, we present the different methodologies used in recommender systems algorithms. Using a dataset in the entertainment industry, we measure the algorithm fairness for each methology and compare the results. Finally, we improve the existing methods by proposing a new product recommender system aiming at increasing fairness versus previous methods, without compromising the recommendation systems performance.

The Consumer Internet of Things (CIoT), which has attracted increasing attention in recent years, is beginning to offer advantageous new services based on advances in IoT technologies, changing our daily lives. Nevertheless, previous literature has provided little insight into smart connected objects (SCO) consumers' appropriation measure and impact. The current research examines this appropriation through an empirical investigation of 505 SCO users by combining marketing and IS perspectives. The results show that CIoT appropriation is a higher order formative construct having knowledge, consciousness, self-adaptation, control, creation, psychological ownership as its first order reflective subdimensions. Furthermore, the study reveals a positive impact of CIoT appropriation on extra role behaviors, perceived value of SCO and satisfaction of life, as well as the mediating role of extra role behavior on the relationship between appropriation and perceived value of SCO.

Coopetition is a concept in management sciences (especially in strategy), which originally describes situations where organizations (companies, associations...) are both cooperating and competing, as paradoxical as it may seem. A recent article in The Conversation highlights the potential role of coopetition in evolution, pointing out that it can be found both in the animal world (to explain the evolution of species) and in companies and organizations. We would like to bring a complementary perspective by underlining that coopetition can be observed at the level of relationships between individuals, which opens a large field of potential applications.

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Artificial intelligence (AI), beyond the concrete applications that have already become part of our daily lives, makes it possible to process numerous and heterogeneous data and knowledge, and to understand potentially complex and abstract rules in a manner human intelligence can but without human intervention. AI combines two properties, self-learning by the successive and repetitive processing of data as well as the capacity to adapt, that is to say the possibility for a scripted program to deal with multiple situations likely to vary over time. Roundtable experts confirmed the potential contribution and theoretical benefit of AI in clinical research and in improving the efficiency of patient care. Experts also measured, as is the case for any new process that people need to get accustomed to, its impact on practices and mindset. To maximize the benefits of AI, four critical points have been identified. The careful consideration of these four points conditions the technical integration and the appropriation by all actors of the life science spectrum: researchers, regulators, drug developers, care establishments, medical practitioners and, above all, patients and the civil society. 1st critical point: produce tangible demonstrations of the contributions of AI in clinical research by quantifying its benefits. 2nd critical point: build trust to foster dissemination and acceptability of AI in healthcare thanks to an adapted regulatory framework. 3rd critical point: ensure the availability of technical skills, which implies an investment in training, the attractiveness of the health sector relative to tech-heavy sectors and the development of ergonomic data collection tools for all health operators. 4th critical point: organize a system of governance for a distributed and secure model at the national level to aggregate the information and services existing at the local level. Thirty-seven concrete recommendations have been formulated which should pave the way for a widespread adoption of AI in clinical research. In this context, the French "Health data hub" initiative constitutes an ideal opportunity.

As part of widespread IT consumerization, there has been an increasing interest in smart connected objects (SCO) in recent years. The consumer internet of things (CIoT) is presenting new opportunities for usage experience that have the potential to revolutionize our daily life. Nevertheless, CIoT appropriation has been given scant attention until today. Our study aims to understand this appropriation through an empirical study of 505 SCO users from a marketing perspective. The results show that CIoT appropriation is a higher order formative construct having knowledge, consciousness, self-adaptation, control, creation, psychological ownership as its first order reflective sub-dimensions. CIoT appropriation is directly positively influenced by the need for having a place, the need for efficacy and effectance, and the need for self-identity which is a higher order construct. Moreover, the study reveals the positive impact of CIoT appropriation on extra role behaviors, perceived value of SCO and satisfaction of life, as well as the mediating role of extra role behavior on the relationship between appropriation and perceived value of SCO. Our study presents several contributions. First, by conceptualizing CIoT appropriation and exploring individual motivations and its impacts, we advanced the technology appropriation literature that is low on theoretical and empirical insights at the individual level. Second, this work is one of the first quantitative studies on CIoT appropriation. Third, our study modeled CIoT appropriation as a higher order construct that is an advanced issue in PLS-SEM. Forth, considering consumers' active role in co-creation of their usage experience, our model could serve as a tool for a deeper understanding of the effective usage experience of CIoT.

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Roundtable: -How to strengthen the role of women in technological innovation and why this is a critical issue. -How to ensure that the use of Big Data does not increase inequality and discrimination. -The keys to engage in a reflection on responsibility within the company. -Giving back trust to citizens: an obligation for companies and institutions.

onsumers' daily lives are oriented through algorithms such as recommendations systems, Real Time Biding advertising, filtered information on social networks, website classification on search engines. These algorithms, which become marketing tools, are based on Artificial Intelligence and mostly on machine learning or deep learning methods. However, these largely used algorithms present ethical issues such as bias, discrimination, opacity, encapsulated opinion and non-equity. We will present the ethical issues of artificial intelligence and the challenge of responsible IA for both academics and practitioners.

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In the digital era, analytics based on artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly numerous. Their outstanding achievement mark a real revolution in the way data are processed and the types of insights that can be generated (Kersting & Meyer, 2018). At the same time, we are experiencing an increasing multidisciplinary academic research about societal and ethical issues raised by algorithms, such as discrimination, opacity in the decision-making process and privacy infringement (Barocas, Selbst, 2016 . Selbst & al., 2018) . This article provides a framework to analyze the different visions of integrating ethics in Artificial Intelligence in information systems.

Accountability of AI in healthcare (bias, discrimination, non-equity, opacity, opinions encapsulated in algorithms) and impact on patients.

Presentation of research on the impact of technology on chronic patients.

Most of product recommender systems are based on artificial intelligence algorithms using machine learning or deep learning techniques. One of the current challenges is to avoid negative effects of these product recommender systems on customers (or prospects), such as unfairness, biais, discrimination, opacity, encapsulated opinion in the implemented recommender systems algorithms. This paper is about the challenge of fairness. We define the concept and present some measures of fairness. Next, we will present a new predictive model, to which we plan to incorporate equity criteria. Using a dataset from the entertainment industry, we measure the fairness for each method and compare the results.

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Influence of social networks in health with a study of the Levothyrox controversy.

Ethics and responsibility of technologies Artificial intelligence technologies and the growing uses of algorithmic systems impact the daily lives of individuals and our societies. In 2018, the digital revolution has found itself at the heart of many societal debates, with the divide becoming more pronounced between very positive representations of technology on the one hand and others more firmly negative. These debates are linked to the ethical issues generated by the massive development of technologies and their uses in our societies. The dominant models are carried by the United States and China and carry values that are profoundly different from those that created Europe. In this presentation, we will discuss the different ethical issues of technologies, from research to applications, as well as future paths to develop a more responsible model of technologies.

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Learning algorithms are becoming increasingly important in the field of healthcare and are enabling extraordinary progress, for example in the early diagnosis of pathologies, in oncology, in genome sequencing or in medical imaging. These machine learning and deep learning technologies will be used more and more in the future. However, even if artificial intelligence is a source of major progress in health, its impact on the patient and more globally on society can be problematic.

A round table to question the important subject of ethics in the race to research led by Google, Apple and other powerful private groups of the new economy. While the giants of the Web (GAFA, BATX, NATU.) invest massively in research in nanotechnology, biotechnology or artificial intelligence, States and international organizations are engaged in long-term projects (Blue Brain, Human Brain Project, China Brain Project.), followed by a number of startups. What about ethics in this proliferation? Are the consequences of this research being debated? How do governments position themselves? What means of control do citizens still have over the actors in question?

Algorithms are nowadays at the basis of most digital services (social networks, recommendation systems, online advertising (Real Time Bidding), content filtering, etc.) and have a daily impact on our societies and individuals' lives. But algorithms are often opaque and can introduce bias, discrimination or unfairness. They therefore raise ethical questions, and the transparency of algorithmic systems is a major issue both in economic terms and for society.

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By wearing the Oura connected ring on their finger night and day, everyone can find out how well they are sleeping. Thanks to a connected patch attached to the arm, diabetics can find out their blood sugar level without having to prick their fingertip. On February 9, these two objects received one of the mobile health trophies awarded by a jury of experts at the IUT Paris-Diderot, attesting to their real added value for the user. Lately, manufacturers of watches, bracelets, glasses and other connected objects have been promising a lot. Too much, judging by the gap between the explosion of the offer and the very modest place these devices occupy in our daily lives. Most of them are just gadgets, bought on a whim and quickly forgotten in a drawer. The time has not yet come when these devices will be as familiar and vital to us as our smartphone. While wellness-related connected objects are struggling to convince people of their usefulness, others belonging to the category of medical devices have become indispensable to patients. They are mainly used for diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a disease, such as blood glucose meters in the case of diabetes. This raises the question of how their users appropriate them.

Innovation contest platforms are used to collect innovative ideas of consumers. Previous research on innovation contests has principally focused on participants' idea generation. In this paper, we analyze ideas evaluation by participants in coopetitive crowd innovation contests within a network perspective. Using data from an innovation contest platform, we create a network of users through their interactions. Then, we measure the impact of participants' centrality scores on received and given evaluation. Our results reveal that in-degree, out-degree and authority scores are correlated with the received positive evaluation, whereas authority is negatively correlated with the number of evaluations made. We also show that betweenness centrality and hub scores have no impact. By identifying the social influencers with network scores, we propose a methodology to reduce crowd innovation voting bias and to help managers to better select the ideas.

One of the major societal challenges of digital technology during the digital metamorphosis of our societies and economies over the last twenty-five years has been the issue of personal data and respect for privacy, which has led in Europe to the development of the GRDP, a new European regulation that will come into force in May 2018, to which the various economic players must submit, sometimes by adapting their digital strategy in depth. The issue of respecting personal data in a digital society has thus advanced to the regulatory stage. More recently, a new issue has emerged: the ethics, accountability and transparency of algorithms in the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Our lives and days are indeed more and more dependent on algorithms: waking up in the morning at an optimal time thanks to a connected object, travelling to the workplace via an algorithm minimizing the transport time (like Waze or RATP), Internet search engine (Google, Bing, Qwant), text translation (Google translation), buying products on an e-commerce site (like Amazon), recommending a restaurant (like La fourchette), using Uber to go there, Trip Advisor and its recommendations to prepare one's vacations, booking flights via Orbitz or Expedia optimizing the answers according to different criteria (low price, direct flights, etc.), booking accommodation via AirBus, the most popular airline in Europe.), booking accommodation via AirBnB, recommending physical activity via a connected watch, or a movie for the evening with Netflix, and we could mention many others, touching on more sensitive subjects such as health (predictive algorithms giving a probability of having such or such pathology). The issue of the ethics of algorithms is all the more important today as the integration of AI in consumer products and services is exploding in all economic sectors.

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Although digital applications are multiplying, patients often turn their back on them very quickly.

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Boosted by the democratization of the use of new technologies, new ways of learning have emerged challenging the traditional patterns of knowledge transmission and consequently our educational institutions. MOOC, flipped classroom, . What perspective do we have today on these innovations? What added value do they create? What costs do they generate for organizations and actors (teachers and students)? Will they replace our current (old) teaching methods? How is the cohabitation concretely done and at what cost? What analysis can be made of the strategy of new players who are entering the education sector as a market segment (such as Google, for example) and who are shaping the teaching and learning processes through the technological supports they propose?

The different uses of OCS.

Themes : Social networks - The human being.

How do we leave traces of our private life in the connected objects we use every day? How do the sensors around us collect private data? How is this data used? These are the questions that will be addressed during this conference led by Christine Balagué, holder of the Social Networks Chair at the Institut Mines-Télécom, and Mathieu Cunche, Professor at INSA Lyon and researcher at the CITI laboratory (Center for Innovation in Telecommunications and Service Integration). This event, organized in partnership with the SPIE ICS "Internet of Things" Chair, is part of the Mouv'INSA conference series offered by the Sports Center.

Connected devices in health.

E-health technologies and services are increasingly integrating algorithms and artificial intelligence, and Big Data is at the heart of research and certain applications. In this complex world, the transparency of technologies and ethical issues are becoming challenges for the development of the e-health market. How to reconcile innovation in this sector with ethical issues? What solutions can be found?

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What evaluations of e-health devices? Who evaluates and how? Are traditional evaluation tools adapted? What are the impacts and benefits?

As companies increasingly engage the general public to develop new products and services, challenges remain in improving the effectiveness of idea crowdsourcing platforms and holding them accountable.

Using data gathered from multiple sources across the World Wide Web (social networks, news websites, etc.), the objective of this work is to describe the features behind the information propagation on the web. We first group the collected data by their similarity that may have been induced by a common factor, e.g. similar topic. Second, we go through information cascades analysis in terms of their temporal and structural characteristics that allows us to find their main propagation patterns. Third, we investigate the problem of clustering the cascades into groups that behave similarly with respect to their diffusion on the web. The presented approach is unsupervised and uses only behavioral data.

This panel brings the discussion to the policy and regulation levels. It bridges the view points and experiences of researchers with broader issues such as orientations in public research policies. the new European GDRP (General Data Protection Regulation). the power of private digital companies and their, sometimes conictual, relationships with public authorities. reconciling the drive for technological innovation with lawfulness and deontology. data access for (public) research. integrity of research and the establishment of codes of conduct.

Thematic workshop of ethical reflection organized by the "Ethics and Biosciences" Platform of the Génopole® Toulouse, Occitanie.

Digital marketing has put mobile and social into the center of the vision. Mobile and social interactions have transformed marketing activities and imposed a new paradigm on consumer behaviors based on real-time customer relationship management, peer-to-peer social influence and idea co-creation with consumers. Extensive research has been conducted in both mobile and social media domain, however few research has led a systematic approach by illustrating the marketing evolution and identifying mobile and social features. In this chapter, we fill this research gap through a literature review approach by first presenting the new marketing paradigm created by social networks, and then analyzing the marketing evolution from web-based social networks to mobile social networks. The mobile and social features are identified to guide marketers for application design. Finally, four case studies are presented to show how these features are distributed in applications to lead a better consumer experience. This chapter brings both theoretical and practical implications in this new trends.

Companies develop co-creation platforms to collect innovative ideas generated by consumers. The idea competition model is traditionally used to organize such collective action and has been widely implemented by companies. In parallel, the development of collaborative platforms and social networks have led to the appearance of co-creation platforms based on a cooperative model with community features. In addition to these two classical models, a third model, a combination of competition and cooperation-the coopetition model-has emerged. Although there is growing interest in this model, no study to date has compared its performance to the other two models. Our research objective is to investigate and compare how these three models affect creative performance in terms of idea quantity and quality. We thus conducted an experiment with 177 students to generate ideas that were submitted to an established company. The results show that the coopetitive model generates more ideas and more creative ideas than the other two models. We also offer insights on how a consumer co-creation platform should be designed to achieve better creative performance.

In a context of increased dependence on data, companies cannot avoid questioning the responsible nature of their algorithms.

This research focuses on the identification of social roles and an investigation of their influence in a social media-based product community. Relying on a systemic approach for role conceptualization and through the prism of positioning theory (Davis & Harré, 1990. Harré & Van Langenhove, 1999), we investigate member's activity, shared content and position in the network within a consumer to consumer social media-based community (SMC) around a product. This investigation led to the identification of ten core roles within the community, based on three key elements: object of interest (product, practice, and community), main contribution type (sharing information and seeking information), individual orientation (factual, emotional). We propose an explanation about how these roles, through their positioning, participate in the community dynamics and how they participate to the creation and diffusion of cookery as a social practice, shaping the periphery around this practice.

This study focuses on the application of the principle of coopetition in idea crowdsourcing platforms, namely the simultaneous use of cooperation and competition to mobilize the crowd. We present this new model and explore, through a conceptual framework and an empirical study of sixty platforms, to what extent the principle of coopetition is applied by these platforms. We show that the sites studied exhibit mostly attenuated or marked forms of coopetition. We discuss the practical and theoretical implications of these results.

Day dedicated to the analysis of the multi-sectoral uses of algorithms and to a multidisciplinary reflection on the stakes and risks of the deployment of algorithms as a support or substitute to human decision.

From morning to night, we are exposed to algorithms. But this exposure is not without dangers. Their influence on our political opinions, on our moods or on our choices is proven. Far from being neutral, algorithms carry the value judgments of their developers, and we are often subjected to them without being aware of it. It becomes necessary to question their ethics, and to find solutions to the biases that their users are subjected to.

S-commerce and M-commerce become buzz word recent years. The social and mobile elements have brought new ways of thinking as well as challenging opportunities in e-commerce. In this chapter, we firstly introduce the concepts of online social commerce, its classifications and social shopping behaviors. Secondly, we analyze the evolution from online social commerce to mobile social commerce. Different case studies are given to demonstrate the concept of mobile social commerce, to precisely define how mobile and social feathers add value to traditional e-commerce.

Digital transformation is changing the way brands communicate and the way they conceive the customer experience. The use of new technologies is a major challenge for brands. How are companies adapting? What are the priorities? From physical to digital, which customer experiences? What changes for brands? Coordinated and moderated by Géraldine Michel, Professor at IAE Paris, Director of the Brands & Values Chair, it will include Christine Balagué, Professor, holder of the Social Networks and Connected Objects Chair, Telecom Ecole de Management-Institut Mines telecom, Ann-Sophy Cicofran, Strategic Planner and Digital Scenarist, Ogilvy, Alexandre Kane, Chief digital Officer, EM Lyon, Michaela Merk, Digital Consultant, Merk & Partners and Billy Salha, Director Europe and Asia, Bic.

Idea crowd-sourcing are often based on the principle of simultaneous cooperation and competition namely coopetition. Some studies suggest that this model has some benefits in terms of participation and performance within platforms. They combine structural methods, using social network analysis techniques, as well as qualitative methods based on an interpretive content analysis. However, coopetition is still poorly understood mainly at the individual level. Indeed, since cooperation and competition are often view as conflictual situation, we do not know if and how coopetition enhances cooperative and competitive behaviors. Previous research lack support for the societal dimension, including the interactional history, which is an important component that affects the user's behavior. Moreover, little is known about the social dynamics of users and how relationships between them are established. To address these limits, we use an agent-based model as agents endorse interactions and offer well-developed capabilities to formally express and interpret information useful to simulate social dynamics in coopetition networks. To specify agent's behavior, we build a trust model that enables agents to reason about the confidence of others while guiding their decision-making process when they want to interact. The purpose of this study is to explore the micro social dynamics using a trust model to better understand the macro social dynamics in a coopetition network, which could ultimately lead to innovative outcomes and a better performance through a specific platform typology. To evaluate the performance of the platform as well as the evolution of the social dynamics, we run several multi-agent simulations varying the distribution of three agents roles: the cooperators, the competitors, and the coopetitors. Obtained results give us insight on how to enhance the agents motivation within the platform to make it more conducive to generate good ideas.

On Tuesday afternoon, March 8, 2016, the Economic Affairs Commission organized a roundtable on the digitization of the economy. This one brought together Christine Balagué, vice-president of the working group of the National Digital Council that submitted the report on January 6, 2016 "Work, employment, digital: the new trajectories", Nicolas Colin, founder of "TheFamily" and author of "The age of the multitude", Anne Perrot, economist, and Philippe Portier, associate lawyer at Jeantet. This round table will inform members of parliament about the profound transformations of our production model that the digitalization of the economy implies. This revolution is sometimes referred to as "uberization" because of the topical case of the highly regulated, traditional and inefficient cab sector, which has been shaken up by an innovative company, Uber, which is improving the service provided to consumers while raising serious questions of regulation, protection of workers - self-employed and non-salaried - and tax liability. Is the term "uberization", sometimes considered pejorative, appropriate? If not, how can we analyze these rapid changes in our economic ecosystem? Another challenge of this roundtable will be to distinguish between uberization and the collaborative economy (or sharing economy), which is often presented as more virtuous. To what extent? Is this distinction between the two models relevant? The Economic Affairs Commission has already raised these various questions during the hearing on March 2 of Pascal Terrasse, author of a recent report on the subject submitted to the Prime Minister.

Social networks have recently entered the field of health care. The question today is no longer whether they are useful to the patient in his or her care process, but how to adapt them to his or her self-prescription needs. This favors his autonomy, without forgetting the ethical aspects.

The integration of digital technologies in the world of health care began several decades ago. It all started with the appearance of new advanced techniques, initially very expensive, to improve diagnosis or certain heavy procedures. The multiplication of these systems, first within healthcare institutions, then among all practitioners and finally among patients, created a new need: that of networking tools . and a new perspective: that of networked people and organizations. Although this notion of networking is often "forgotten" when we talk about the digitalization of health or e-health, it seems to be one of the essential elements that have enabled the development of new technologies and new health organizations. The e-health summer school wishes to develop this key subject between technologies and humanities.

Synthesis of the work of the Social Networks & Connected Objects Chair.

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On February 16, the National Council of the Order of Physicians organized a debate on "Health in the Information and Communication Society", prior to the publication, next April, of a document of ethical guidelines for physicians. We live in a world that is hungry for information on all subjects, and health and medicine are no exception. They even play an important role. The modern means of communication convey without interruption, in particular via the Web, information that is sometimes uncertain, with little concern for the reliability of its sources. Information for the general public is thus sometimes reduced to journalistic scoops, buzz on the Internet, and rumors on social networks, to the detriment of reliable information that has been validated, analyzed and commented on based on objective facts and verifiable criteria. The National Council of the Order of Physicians, which is very involved in issues related to e-health and new health practices in today's world, organized this debate to question the way health issues are dealt with in the information and communication society. After the opening of the debate by Dr. Patrick Bouet, President of the National Council of the Order of Physicians, five personalities from different backgrounds were able to discuss the problems related to the consequences of this new access to health information for patients, physicians and for the patient-doctor relationship. the appearance of specialized websites and applications and their consequences, particularly in terms of ethics for physicians . the constraints imposed on journalists and advertisers dealing with health issues, particularly on the Internet, and on the practice of medicine in the future.

Out of 3.7 billion Internet users in the world, 2.7 billion are connected on social networks... Whether they are customers, employees, friends, fans or even constituents, everyone is present. So how do you integrate social networks into your company's strategy? How to identify, among all the uses, the new trends and needs? Which networks are the most effective for the company? In this classic book, a reference since its first edition in 2010, Christine Balagué and David Fayon explain with concrete examples that social networks are a powerful vector of communication, collaboration, innovation and value creation. In particular, they give the keys to better use them to communicate about a brand and generate buzz, innovate, forge partnerships, recruit employees, develop one's presence, analyze data or introduce new value-creating tools. This new edition takes into account the rapid evolution of technologies (smartphone, geolocation, etc.) and their impact on the constant transformation of networks, as well as emerging players such as Snap or Prisma, but also the rise of Instagram or LinkedIn, which has become the HR reference. New interviews with web experts enrich the reflection on the challenges of social networks in tomorrow's society.

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In the past few years, the elaboration of creative solutions by the crowd (idea crowdsourcing) has been integrated seemingly everywhere. Both public and private organizations have adopted the concept of idea crowdsourcing in order to develop open innovation platforms.

Algorithms are now part of every individual's daily life: prioritizing the results of a search for information on Google (pagerank), selecting the information that appears on a Facebook wall (Edgerank), optimizing travel, recommending products, detecting pathologies. We are only at the beginning of such a phenomenon, as our lives become data and predictive models are applied to more and more fields. Algorithms raise ethical questions for several reasons. First of all, the very technique of the algorithm can lead to discrimination prohibited by law, due to the reintroduction of profiling, now without the need for prior identification, by simply cross-checking data. The risks of confining Internet users in a personalization of services according to their tastes or in supposed spheres of opinion also pose a problem. This is opposed to the free development of the individual, and participates in a reductive homogenization of information, in opposition to cultural pluralism. The massive use of algorithms also develops the risk of an excessive confidence in the choices recommended by these calculations, based on potentially false or approximate postulates, but likely to orient the choices of individuals without them being really aware of it. Finally, there is the question of the "solutionist" risk of a society that encourages the systematic use of algorithmic solutions that mask the complexity of the socio-economic issues that require other types of intervention. Faced with this situation, it is important to look for ways of thinking about it, such as regulation imposing the loyalty of algorithms, or the implementation of systems that would allow us to verify their operationality, such as rating agencies or a body of experts in algorithms (algorithmists) that can be mobilized at the request of a regulatory authority.

This research focuses on the understanding of brand communities created by consumers on social networks, by identifying the social roles of its members. We analyze the different users' roles through three levels of analysis: activity, content shared, structural position in the network. Our data come from a specific brand community on Facebook. The considered brand is worldwide famous and belongs to the Small Household Equipment market. We coded more than one thousand posts to provide a content analysis. We first apply two types of analysis: quantitative and qualitative. We conceptualize the role as observable behaviors, created by the individual position in the network and his interactions with the other members. Analysis led to the detection of nine different roles, based on three criteria: the subject of interest (product/practice). the individual objective (learning/knowledge sharing). the individual orientation (factual/relational). In a second step and in order to improve the understanding of the social roles in the community, we run a structural approach by qualifying each member of the community by network structure variables. We show that network structure variables provide valuable insights for better understanding the interactions between members and their roles. We show that it is valuable for managers to characterize social networks users by their social roles by analyzing content and structural position. This work opens new topics for future research on monitoring interactions, social roles and users' actions on social networks and their impact on markets and marketing strategies.

This research focuses on the understanding of brand communities on social networks, by identifying the social roles of the members. Using an interactionnist approach we coded 1150 posts to provide a content analysis in order to bring up eight social roles. In a second step, we build the social graph of the members and using a structural analysis, we show that network structure variables provide valuable insights for better understanding the interactions between members and their roles.

The place of social networks in the singular dialogue between the patient and his practitioner" will open the reflection, within the framework of a presentation animated by Christine Balagué vice-president of the National Digital Council and holder of the chair Social Networks and Connected Objects at the Institut Mines-Télécom-Telecom Ecole de Management.

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Connected objects allow new uses and new hybrid networks between humans and technologies. Thus, this Chair is a project that will run from 2015 to 2018, and brings together several disciplines and partners such as the SEB group or Huawei, in order to design and develop connected objects and innovative services that will not become obsolete in a few months, but whose usefulness will be sustainable and daily. This chair will be developed in Evry and will focus on four main areas: analyzing the behavior of consumers of connected and intelligent objects, in order to understand their perceptions, expectations, adoption and appropriation processes, etc. . understanding and revisiting User Experience Design, i.e. the satisfaction and pleasure of users in interacting with an interface . defining a social framework for the Internet of Things, in order to study the new social networks and connected objects with the aim of developing new innovative services . and finally, understanding the impact of cultural diversity on the behavior of users of connected objects.

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Organizations develop innovation contests to collect ideas generated by online users. Research has shown that many innovation contests belong to coopetitive platforms which are hybrid models aiming to promote both competition and cooperation within the platforms. Since coopetition in innovation contests is an emerging construct, our research aims to understand how coopetitive innovation contests are organized, particularly what competitive and cooperative features are and how they function together to create coopetitive model, and to study how these models impact on the performance of users. Our contribution is threefold: firstly we propose a classification of both competitive and cooperative features based on social interdependence theory. Secondly we conduct a content analysis of 45 innovation contests, results show that depending on the variations between competitive and cooperative features, the innovation contests are classified in three different coopetitive categories: classic outsourcing, co-creation, and collective intelligence. Thirdly to study the impact of different models on user behaviors, we conduct an experimentation with 177 students to generate ideas to an innovation contest. The results show that the coopetitive model generates more ideas and leads more positive attitudes toward the organization.

The digital revolution is underway in the health sector. Health forums, medical websites, social networks and other platforms are multiplying. Many people are turning to the Internet as a priority to find health information. How can we explain this phenomenon and measure it? What are the challenges and issues? How do we deal with the ethical aspects? How does the physician experience this new means of communication with patients? How do they use social networks? How and why do public institutions and international organizations in Geneva (WHO and HUG) invest in social networks in the health field?

In all fields (media, entertainment, environment, associations, business, social, sport...), women are moving the lines, daring to do things differently, experimenting, inventing the future, in the spirit of the Femmes en Or. For the 24th edition, under the impetus of the Havas Group and its Chairman and CEO Yannick Bolloré, the Femmes en Or have teamed up with Catherine Barba, creator of the Women in Innovation Forum in New York, to create Femmes en Or, Innovation Day: a day to celebrate women innovators from all walks of life, which will close with the 24th Femmes en Or Awards Ceremony. To accompany this evolution, the Femmes en Or will leave the snowy summits and join the prestigious salons of the Hôtel de Ville de Paris, partner of the event. A unique day in the landscape of women's events, Femmes en Or Innovation Day will take a fresh look at women and innovation: - An energizing tone and a new format embodied by twelve duos that on the surface everything opposes (a researcher and a singer, an investor and a sportswoman...) to better understand, through the diversity of their experiences and their testimonies, that leaving one's comfort zone is the first condition of any innovation - A focus France - United States : An exceptional delegation of American women will be present throughout the day to share the innovative initiatives carried out on the other side of the Atlantic - The contribution of former Femmes en Or In total, nearly 50 speakers (and of course men) will bring their spirit of audacity and disruption to the Hôtel de Ville de Paris on November 29. Through the diversity of experiences shared and the practical and playful activities that will punctuate the day, Femmes en Or, Innovation Day will allow participants to intensely experience innovation through the prism of women and will transmit to all of them an irresistible desire to get moving.

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Companies develop co-creation platforms to collect innovative ideas generated by consumers. The idea competition model is traditionally used to organize such collective action and has been widely implemented by companies. In parallel, the development of collaborative platforms and social networks have led to the appearance of co-creation platforms based on a cooperative model with community features. In addition to these two classical models, a third model, a combination of competition and cooperation-the coopetition model-has emerged. Although there is growing interest in this model, no study to date has compared its performance to the other two models. Our research objective is to investigate and compare how these three models affect creative performance in terms of idea quantity and quality. We thus conducted an experiment with 177 students to generate ideas that were submitted to an established company. The results show that the coopetitive model generates more ideas and more creative ideas than the other two models. We also offer insights on how a consumer co-creation platform should be designed to achieve better creative performance.

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Our research explores the development of neuromarketing in the United States and France in a comparative manner. We begin by analyzing the literature on neuromarketing. We use as a theoretical and methodological framework the Actor Network Theory (ANT) (in the wake of the work of Bruno Latour and Michel Callon). We show how "human and non-human" actors-networks, traces (publications) and controversies form the pillars of a new discipline such as neuromarketing. Our hybrid "qualitative-quantitative" approach allows us to build an applied methodology of ANT: bibliometric analysis (Publish Or Perish), text mining, clustering and semantic analysis of scientific literature and neuromarketing web. From these results, we build maps, in the form of network graphs (Gephi) that reveal the interrelations and associations between actors, traces and controversies around neuromarketing.

This research aims at classifying social networks users' behaviors and modeling impact of social network structures on three categories of actions: consuming, contributing and creating. An empirical study on 1825 users of a social network specialized on food and recipes shows first that we can score users regarding their action of consuming, contributing and creating. In a second step, we create different graphs of interactions between individuals and characterize each of the three behaviors by network structures variables. We show that creators belong to a central layer, contributors to an intermediary layer and consuming to a peripheral layer of users.

This research aims at classifying social networks users' behaviours and modelling impact of social network structures on three categories of actions: consuming, contributing and creating. An empirical study on 4482 users of a social network specialized on food and recipes shows first that we can score users regarding their action of consuming, contributing and creating. We also characterize each of the three behaviours by network structures variables, and show that creators belong to a central layer, contributors to an intermediary layer and consuming to a peripheral layer of users. We therefore underline the importance of managing new types of variables in social networks analytics.

Marketing on online social networks is characterized by a loss of control compared to traditional marketing (Mangold & Faulds, 2009) for two main reasons. The first is that the balance of power is completely reversed on online social networks in favor of the consumer. The second is that platforms, particularly Facebook, make access to company-specific information, such as fan lists, limited, complicated, and in some cases impossible. This thesis comes at a time when there is a need for a strategic marketing foundation for the use of online social networks (Hoffman and Novak 2012). To that end, it attempts to reflect on and augment theoretical research on viral marketing on online social networks and, in particular the issue of optimizing the initial broadcast population. It also tries to suggest strategies to restore a certain balance for the benefit of the marketing strategist by showing him what means are available to him so that he can enjoy a certain freedom of maneuver between a platform stingy with information like Facebook and a public that considers companies as invaders on its own ground (Fournier & Avery, 2011). We choose the critical approach of Habermas (1985). In this paradigm, knowledge is based on empirical experiments and modification of the environment is accepted as a means to achieve knowledge. The analyses and experiments attempt to follow a theoretical and experimental path to a theoretical and practical reflection that would define strategies, means and methods for optimizing viral marketing on Facebook based on the control of the elements of viral marketing and, mainly, the selection or creation of initial broadcasting populations usable for this purpose. The development of this thesis is composed of several chapters written in English, one of which is in its third revision in the Journal of Advertising Research (JAR) and four of which have been the subject of papers at international conferences (Euras, 2012. INSNA, 2014. ISMS, 2015) and at the Paris-Dauphine strategy workshop (2014). In this thesis, we have asked several questions regarding the control of viral marketing elements on Facebook and, in particular, the optimization of initial broadcast populations and we believe we have found innovative and relevant answers to these questions. We begin with a general reflection on social network research and, in particular, the ethics of Internet research and online social networks. We then address the issue of reconstructing the social graphs of fans, and analyze the efficiency and inefficiency of fake profiles in the context of Facebook marketing. We also tackle negative word-of-mouth in the context of an optimized initial broadcast population, and the discovery of bridges over structural holes between two opposing political camps as a theoretically influential seeding population. The experiments carried out lead to a reflection on the question of the media available on Facebook (Pages, Groups or Profiles) in the case of marketing strategies in general and viral marketing strategies in particular. The last chapter applies the results obtained by taking charge of a viral marketing campaign from zero time to success. This Personal Branding experiment, documented and analyzed, and without bias since it takes place only on Facebook without any advertising, shows concretely the effectiveness of the viral marketing strategy defined from the results, reflections and theoretical analyses of this thesis.

It's already been a quarter of a century since the Internet and digital technology have transformed our societies, changed our daily lives and changed the way businesses operate. Two major characteristics of these twenty-five years of digital technology have had a particular impact on the research sector. The first is the development of GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon), services that have become essential, used by millions of people around the world, and based on a two-sided model: on the one hand, a free service that is easy to use, and on the other hand, massive data collection that bases its economic model on advertising revenues. The second is the evolution of the Internet user's ability to act, which over the past 25 years has evolved in four phases: the ability to influence demand (purchase on a site), the ability to contribute, to provide information and content, the ability to form networks, and the ability to call on the crowd. Today, we are in the era of massive information sharing, accentuated by mobile technologies, since almost at any time and anywhere, it is possible to share information, text, photo and video, via platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus, Weibo, You Tube, Instagram, Pinterest or Flickr.

The development of mobile applications has represented a challenge and opportunity for companies to market their brands and products through a new channel. however, the branded mobile applications (branded apps) currently available in the market are far from perfect and existing app designs do not yet have wellestablished mobile and social features. This article offers systematic guidelines for branded app design by identifying different levels of strategies that should be taken into consideration by companies. We illustrate five business objectives (communication, customer relationship management, sales, product innovation, and marketing research) and identify five types of branded apps (tool-, game-, social-, m-commerce-, and design-centric). Three functional building blocks are proposed to specify how mobile features, social features, and brand mention elements should be incorporated into branded app development. Various examples of branded apps are provided to illustrate relevant best practices in order to guide marketers in improving branded app design.

Technological changes have transformed the ability of Internet users to act, as they evolve in spaces of encounter and collective creation. An empirical study of 1825 individual users of a culinary community site shows the possibility of classifying participants according to their actions of consumption, participation and production of content. Studying the relationships between members allows us to explain each of these behaviors. While participants enable social life, producers are characterized by low involvement in exchanges.

Over the past thirty years, the concept of the network and its use in the strategy of organizations has changed considerably. The notion of the network initially used the network as a massive source of demand. Thus, Amazon or Google exploited the network of individuals as a means to develop their capacity over a mass of individuals. In a second phase, the network has been used as a vector of massive and aggregated information. In the case of Tripadvisor, for example, the added value comes from users' reviews of places (restaurants, hotels, etc.). At that time, individuals started to have influence by having the possibility to create negative or positive buzz. In these two frameworks, the value added in the network is based on the individual (his request, his contribution). In a second stage, the value is no longer derived from the aggregated mass but from the capacity of individuals to interact in a network. Thus, in the Facebook model, it is the possibilities of interaction within a private network that are valued. In the Uber or Airbnb model, it is the physical interactions generated by an initial networking of the crowd of suppliers and applicants (to which is added the massive and aggregated information systems such as at Tripadvisor) that generates a meeting between massive supply and demand. Information sharing and networking are facilitated by the evolution of technology which, in 30 years, has simplified the use of networks.

For a quarter of a century now, the Internet and digital technology have been transforming our societies, transforming companies and impacting governments. In a first phase, during the 90's, services were created that have since become essential (such as Google, Apple or Amazon). Thousands of people have thus gained access to a multitude of information, services or products that have revolutionized their daily lives.

Social Network Services (SNS) nowadays require marketing research study using Big Data tools. In this paper we present Sodatech platform: a monitoring and analysis tool of big data to help researchers and SNS community managers to measure effectiveness of social media marketing activities. Sodatech platform provides three functions: collect massive data from social network. analyze marketing metrics with big data tools. display intuitive data in a dynamic and interactive interface.

Social networks are mainly considered by marketers as valuable earned media on account of their potential viral audience. They also constitute a source of big data on individuals increasing marketers' knowledge on consumers or prospects. Matching social networks and transactional data, this research focuses on innovative scoring of Facebook active fans in order to implement a CRM 2.0 strategy. Our contribution consist first in developing a specific crawler with a big data infrastructure to collect automatically Facebook brand pages data, and second in scoring active Facebook active fans through algorithms developed with R. We propose several operational recommendations based on this work which also opens future researches.

Mobile apps development has brought challenges and opportunities for companies to market their brands and products through a new channel. This research identifies the strategies which should be considered by companies in branded apps design. We illustrate five business objectives: communication, customer relationship management, sales, product innovation and marketing research. A M-U-S-T Mix method is proposed to specify how mobile features (M), use of brand mention elements (U), social features (S) and type of applications elements (T) should be used to develop branded apps. The types of branded apps are classified as tool-centric, game-centric, social-centric, m-commerce-centric and design-centric apps. Extensive examples of branded apps are given to illustrate the best practice of these strategies.

In the wake of its work on Digital Inclusion, the National Digital Council set up a working group at the end of 2013 dedicated to education in a digital society, composed of Sophie Pène, lead member, Serge Abiteboul, Christine Balagué, Ludovic Blecher, Michel Briand, Cyril Garcia, Francis Jutand, Daniel Kaplan, Pascale Luciani Boyer, Valérie Peugeot, Nathalie Pujo, Bernard Stiegler, Brigitte Vallée. This report is the result of many months of work during which more than a hundred people were met, numerous reports were studied, and rich exchanges and intense reflection took place. The National Education System was compared to other administrations, and the School of the Republic was examined in the light of other private and foreign models. From these efforts of observation and understanding, two essential observations remain. No, the National Education System is not the place of all conservatism. In French classrooms, students are attentive to teachers who relentlessly seek the best paths, imaginative exercises excite their desire to learn. These teachers are also remarkably well-trained and culturally sophisticated, from elementary to high school. And yet, the school system is not doing well. Based on equality, it produces more educational inequalities than most OECD countries. Valuing success, it abandons 20% of students to failure. Rather satisfied with itself, it does not notice that many students lose their motivation to learn. Why such a contrast between the passionate investment of teachers and the moderate success of the system? And if digital technology is not the answer to all ills, how can it contribute to reducing school inequalities? Can it improve the quality of courses and learning, while making school life more pleasant? When we say "digital", most people see a computer. We must also see a change in knowledge, the advent of a society of questions rather than answers. With a school that proposes a more horizontal, more cooperative, more supportive, more creative organization. With this report, the Council's ambition is to describe this vision of a school in a digital world in the making, facing the test of a society in the throes of change, and to propose "practicable paths" to achieve it. The recommendations it contains have been designed as short- and medium-term courses of action to give meaning to the school in the digital transition. Our proposals to build together a fair and creative school of the 21st century are based on two main axes. What to teach and how: computer science, literacy, digital humanities. How to redesign the educational fabric: networked schools, new training industries, research, startups, etc. 1. Teaching computer science This is about teaching computer science thinking to better understand the digital world around us and to be a fully active citizen in society. It is also about considering the teaching of computer science as an opportunity to introduce new ways of learning through experiments, in project mode, by trial and error. The condition is the training of a body of teachers in computer science by the creation of a Capes and an Agrégation of computer science. Digital literacy is not only knowledge and skills, but also methods that enable an individual to be an actor in a digital society. Anchoring schools in this dynamic means inviting students to participate in a culture and economy based on knowledge exchange, cooperation and creation. 3. Create a new generalist baccalaureate, the HN Digital Humanities baccalaureate This new baccalaureate would be in keeping with the times. It would reflect the adventure of youth and revitalize secondary education with digital creation, design, but also the discovery of big data, datavisualization, and computer and creative professions. The implementation of this baccalaureate could start very quickly with volunteer high schools to experiment with it, and why not at a distance. 4. We need to change schools with real management, team life, projects and interdisciplinarity. To move forward in confidence with local authorities, the local economic fabric, educational associations and parents. The networked school is a new educational alliance. 5. Launch a vast research plan to understand the changes in knowledge and inform public policy Through a proactive policy, 500 new theses would be launched each year on interdisciplinary subjects to better decipher the fundamental changes induced by the digital society on the transmission of knowledge and learning methods. 6. Establish a framework of trust for innovation All stakeholders (educational publishers, digital pure players, manufacturers, software publishers, competitiveness clusters) need this framework to innovate and test together, with schools and local authorities. This means sharing standards and providing frameworks for the use of educational data, enhancing the value of shared educational resources through indexing, favoring ecosystems rich in services and functionalities to stimulate the desire to learn and work in groups, and encouraging co-creation (living labs, experiments). 7. 7. Take advantage of the dynamism of French startups to revive our soft power Digital education is also a new field of the economy, Ed-tech. The digital economy has begun to reorganize education from the outside with disruptive initiatives such as School 42, Moocs, and the Khan Academy. Innovative learning methods based on technologies are emerging (adaptive learning, data driven education, ...). We must now draw the consequences and accept the confrontation with these new pedagogical dynamics. This is a prerequisite for the presence of French culture in the digital training space of the 21st century. 8. Listening to teachers to build together the school of the digital society Today, we buy equipment and we ask teachers to adapt to it. To develop digital schooling, we need to change our methods, to break with the logic of supply and assignment, and to study with teachers their real needs, so that they can work with ease and keep the time they need to relate to their students. Our education, our school, is embarked in the digital transition. This is a vast and complex project, and it is our responsibility to lead it collectively. This is why this report is given to all those who wish to "build a creative and fair school in a digital world".

During the last years of digital usage development, cooking perceptions and behaviors have deeply changed, while blogger population on this topic has highly increased. In this research, we analyze the influence of 854 cooking blogs, gathering 61 388 posts. This study focuses on two dimensions of influence through the HITS algorithm developed by Kleinberg: authority and hubs. A new typology of influential bloggers is then proposed. The results show that these influential bloggers within cooking community are the most popular on social networks, even if they don't publish as much as others.

CNNum report on education and digital technology. Three major orientations are proposed for education in the digital society: teaching computer science, installing digital literacy and creating a Digital Humanities baccalaureate. It also redesigns the educational fabric by proposing to make schools live in networks, and to develop research, publishing and the digital education industry.

CNNum report on education and digital technology. Three major orientations are proposed for education in the digital society: teaching computer science, installing digital literacy and creating a Digital Humanities baccalaureate. It also redesigns the educational fabric by proposing to make schools live in networks, and to develop research, publishing and the digital education industry.

Mobile phone applications have received intensive attention by marketers due to the high engagement of users and its positive persuasive impact on brand. However, how can companies get on the right track of designing branded apps? Little research has been done on the identification of the elements which can be used to design branded apps strategy. Our research aims to offer a design framework of branded apps by identifying constructs from the perspective of company, user and technology respectively. By evaluating 84 mobile apps from top 11 FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) brands, we examine the usage of mobile interaction, social interaction and brand interaction in current branded apps design.

To find out about products, consumers are increasingly going to brand pages on Facebook. These users create word of mouth within these brand communities on this social network. The objective of this paper is to propose an analysis of the determinants of word of mouth within brand communities on Facebook. The main determinants of word of mouth that we present in this paper are brand commitment, identification with the brand community and general willingness to share.

Cooking has been transformed from closed cooking limited to culinary enthusiasts to cooking characterized by socially connected online activity. Today, cooks can share their culinary secrets and achievements and provide advice, with digital technologies creating a new pattern based on individual contribution. Despite all these evolutions, the influence process within virtual cooking communities is still not yet extensively studied by academics. We therefore address the following important research question: who are the influential bloggers in cooking blogosphere? The study aims to better understand contributory behaviors and the role of the community as an explanatory factor in individual actions. We build a model to observe the influence process, from the analysis of blogger's role in his virtual community until his ability to change the beliefs of users on social networks. The main contribution is to reconsider the influence process. We highlight a first level of influence according to the interaction among the blogs, which refers to the number of outgoing and incoming links between blogs. We add a second level by adding a composition variable that individually describes each blog in terms of the types of recipes it contains. Finally, we analyze the last step of influence process by studying their presence on social networks. For this study, we propose a quantitative measure of the influence process using a dataset that includes all cooking blog activity over the course of one year. More precisely, 46 312 posts were collected and classified through a textual analysis. From the quantitative analysis of 952 blogs, we show that blogger's role in his virtual community determines his own activity of publications but also his influence on social networks.

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This paper aims to better understand information diffusion in social networks. When a Facebook user updatea content on his wall, his Facebook friends can comment it, click on "like" or share it on their wall, allowing to measure user contribution to content diffusion. Using a database collected with a specific Facebook application, we model Facebook users' activity (posts, likes, comments, activity on friends'wall) by friendship network structure, profile and friends' activities.

Over the past twenty years, the Internet has profoundly changed the marketing and communication professions. In this context, an in-depth understanding of Internet users' behaviors and their evolution in a constantly changing technological universe has become essential. My research is situated in this context, and focuses on the evolution and modeling of Internet users' behavior, from websites to social networks. This HDR report describes all my work and is divided into three parts. The first one presents my contributions to the study of Internet user behavior, which details work on the reconsideration of the explanatory factors of customer satisfaction, on the retribution of the Internet user in online studies and on the study of the reactions of the individual to digital identification processes. The second part deals with my contributions to the modeling of multi-agent behaviors on the Web during viral marketing campaigns, in which I detail the different types of modeling of viral marketing phenomena, the contribution of multi-agent systems and Petri nets, and finally the application of Petri nets to the modeling of emailing campaigns and viral interactive games. The third part focuses on my contributions to the understanding of Internet users' behaviors on social networks, with the aim of developing effective marketing strategies. In this part, I will focus on information dissemination processes on social networks and metrics, customer relationship management on social networks, and finally on new perspectives related to social networks in marketing.

Despite increasing adoption of social media for market research, the effect of the design of Web 2.0 platforms on the quantity and quality of market insights obtained is unclear. With a field experiment, this article addresses the effect of participant interaction and the role of questioning on the performance of blog platforms that aim to solicit online consumer feedback. We show that the role of questioning is a key determinant of the protocol design decision process. In contrast with the industry standard of directive questioning and the intuitive appeal of a collective protocol in a social media setting, this study shows that no questioning, combined with an individual protocol, results in the best feedback quality. The analyses also highlight the value of an individual, no questioning protocol for performance over time and insights in consumers' experiential consumption and personal backgrounds. In terms of feedback quantity, protocols that combine directive questioning with a collective setting are best. These actionable recommendations indicate how market researchers can design online blog platforms to improve consumer feedback quantity and quality.

Branded social games represent a new advertising concept used by marketers to interact with their social community on social media. Their objectives are to drive traffic, reach prospective customers, and increase brand awareness. Their effectiveness on brand equity, the flow experience, and the influence on consumers' perceptions still remain to be answered. The aim of our research is to measure the effects of participation in a branded social game on the brand equity? In this way, we conduct two studies. The preliminary study examines the relationship between player's performance and antecedents of the flow experience. The results demonstrate that players having a medium score perceive more challenge than those with a high score. They also believe more in their ability to succeed the game than those with a low score. From this result, we have studied this category of players. In a second study, we have found that the participation in a branded social game tend to promote the flow experience, facilitate the learning process and modify brand perceptions.

Viral marketing on online social networks represents a major challenge for companies. It is therefore necessary to understand what drives users' viral activity. Using quantitative data extracted from Facebook with a specific application, we model the different viral actions of the user (shares on his wall, shares on his friends' walls, comments, likes on posts, likes on comments). Our analyses highlight three families of explanatory variables of his activity: the activity of his friends towards him (reciprocity effects), their position in the structure of his friendship network (structural effects) and the information of his "profile" information (motivation to reveal himself). A complementary qualitative approach leads us to identify four user postures on Facebook (exposed commitment, protected commitment, exposed avoidance, protected avoidance). These are at the intersection of two axes. One concerns the way in which the user regulates the confidentiality zone in which he/she is led to express him/herself (locking vs. opening). The other concerns the way his "face" and those of his friends are engaged by his online activity (engagement vs. avoidance). We believe that companies can benefit from identifying their consumers' postures on Facebook. We present our research contributions and their managerial implications.

Despite increasing adoption of social media for market research, the effect of the design of Web 2.0 platforms on the quantity and quality of market insights obtained is unclear. With a field experiment, this article addresses the effect of participant interaction and the role of questioning on the performance of blog platforms that aim to solicit online consumer feedback. We show that the role of questioning is a key determinant of the protocol design decision process. In contrast with the industry standard of directive questioning and the intuitive appeal of a collective protocol in a social media setting, this study shows that no questioning, combined with an individual protocol, results in the best feedback quality. The analyses also highlight the value of an individual, no questioning protocol for performance over time and insights in consumers' experiential consumption and personal backgrounds. In terms of feedback quantity, protocols that combine directive questioning with a collective setting are best. These actionable recommendations indicate how market researchers can design online blog platforms to improve consumer feedback quantity and quality.

Technologies have changed perceptions and behaviors in the kitchen. The results of the qualitative study show differences between the real world and the digital world in terms of the perception of cooking, the place of the home group, and research and sharing behavior.

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This thesis aims at modeling interactive multi-agent systems on the Internet. In a first part, we study the concept of interactive multi-agent systems through a large literature review. We then present Petri nets that we apply to two application cases. First, we model gift lists on the Internet. We evaluate the performance of these complex dynamic systems and then optimize the impact of e-mailing campaigns by simulating several marketing strategies. Our second application is a viral marketing game. We detail each block of the model used to describe all the steps of the process and then optimize the game through simulations (recruitment, number and order of questions). We conclude the thesis by detailing the advantages of Petri nets, the limitations of the work done and the set of future research avenues opened by the potential application of Petri nets to the marketing domain.